A Study On Chinese Ancient String Bowed Instrument With Cylindrical Tube Resonator: The Change Of It's Form

Among the four kinds of ancient instruments,string bowed instrument came into being last, but also developed fastest,which brought about the birth of many derivative kinds within several hundred years.Today,people divide string bowed instrument into string bowed instrument with a pear-shaped body and string bowed instrument with cylindrical -shape body according to the different shapes of the tube resonator except for Ya zheng(轧筝).Of all the string bowed instruments,the string bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator,which originated from Xi Qin plays unique and essential role,and the formation of that role had a close correlation with its extraordinary timbre and charm.In the final analysis,the musical characteristic is due to its uniqueness of the Form.This article employed a methodology of music history study,combined with demonstration of existent practicalities,various frescoes and sculptures,to review the shape of string bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator.The main body of this article was composed of three parts.According to the form-development and musically expressive force The first section divided the development history of string bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator into rudiment period,improvement period and derivative period,which based on the analysis of the historical materials.In the rudiment period,the article started with Xi Qin,the ancestor of string bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator,provides some opinions of the author that are against some opinions of the academe;for example,the Xi Qin was string bowed instrument as early as Tang Dynasty.In the improvement period section,the author probes into some controversial string bowed instrument concerned with the classification of form,and states that Zhang Xing Xing hu qin(张猩猩胡琴)of the Yuan Dynasty and Ti Qin(提琴)of the Ming Dynasty are both String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator.During Qianlong(乾隆)Regime of Qing Dynasty,with the popularity of so-called "thrum",many new kinds of traditional opera appeared and resulted in the derivative of String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator. Therefore,Qing Dynasty is the derivative period of String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator.The article classifies these String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator according to form factor such as the original material of the Tube resonator and Neck,or the size of the Tube resonator and the timber style characteristic,also takes other parts such as tuning noose(千斤),bow and string into consideration.In conclusion,String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator is composed of seven categories,which mainly are Er gu xian(二股弦),Ban hu(板胡),Hu qin with small tube resonator(小筒胡琴),Hui hu(徽胡),Erhu(二胡),Two strings(二弦),Hu qin with big tube resonator(大筒胡琴).The second section discusses from the perspective of diachronism and synchronism.The perspective of diachronism means an analysis of the development characteristic of each part of the form of String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator,and the focus is the time, process and influence of the origin and change of the parts.From the perspective of synchronism, the author provides that the imbalance,phase and regionality exist in the overall development of String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator form.The third section studies the cause of evolution process and development characteristic of the String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator,based on the above two section.The author indicates that,the convenience of use,the influence of the society and culture,and the imitation of human being's vocal are the main cause of the form development of String bowed instrument with cylindrical tube resonator,among which "mitation of human being's vocal" factor plays a significant role.