Modern Chinese Refers To The Study Of Individual Perspective,

Universal reference is used to contain members in the domain, generalizing a unit composed of individuals in common. There are different forms to express universal reference in different languages. This thesis focuses on the modern Chinese, reviews previous research works about universal reference and describes universal reference in the individual aspect, aiming at discovering the differences among the kinds of forms.The thesis launches the research in three levels. First of all, we survey the examples and summarize the basic structures of different types of universal reference. Then we analyze the structures, including interior elements, patterns and limits, in order to point out the reasons and the availabilities of universal meaning. At the end, we compare and analyze the exterior elements of structures, such as"dou"which has an internal relationship with universal reference and their distribution conditions, then point out their differences and commons with some contrastive examples.The thesis analyzes three types of universal reference,they are arbitrary reference, seriatim reference and polarity reference. Universal reference is expressed through semantics, syntax and pragmatics, always with a mood of speakers.