Research On Bao-Jia System In Shandong Province During Nanjing National Government (1928-1945)

Bao-Jia was the longest and most influential grassroots organization of NanjingNational Government. It acquires Academic attention more and more in recent years.But the research about Bao-Jia system on the extent and depth is still not enough.Research on Bao-Jia system in Shandong Province is very little, and only has sketchymentions in some comprehensive treatise. The modern Shandong Province situation iscomplex, so it is worth us studying that Bao-Jia system shows what kind ofregionalizing characteristic in this land. In this paper, I want to study Bao-Jia systemin Shandong Province from Nanjing National Government, Japanese and Puppetregime, Communist Party of China three aspects and reveal its particularity.The direct cause of Bao-Jia system implementation of Nanjing NationalGovernment was to oppose Communist Party of China. Also it used Bao-Jia system tostrengthen government control over the grassroots level. The Government has givenBao-Jia system"management, education, support, and defense "functions. It hoped toestablish an administrative, educational, economic and military unity of the grassrootsorganizations. Although Shandong Province responsed to the implementation ofBao-Jia system positively, the actual execution effect was not ideal. Shandong ruraleconomy tended to bankruptcy, a large rural population away from the village,together with The Government chose to improper Bao-Jia staff had seriouslyhampered the implementation of Bao-Jia system and played a role. After thecomprehensive War of Resistance Against Japan broke out, The Government lost therule in Shandong Province. Shandong Province evolved into the situation ofcoexistence of Japanese and Puppet regime, Nanjing National Government,Communist Party of China. Affected by the war, The Government hoped that thevarious functions in the basic Bao-Jia lost, leaving only the role of conscription paytaxes. Japanese and Puppet regime re-establish Bao-Jia which based on Bao-Jiasystem implementation of Nanjing National Government for dealing with representthe base area in the countryside of Communist Party of China. Japanese and Puppetregime imposed Bao-Jia colonization with distinct characteristics of Japanese invadered enslave oppressed people of China, a powerful tool forconsolidationof colonial rule. Communist Party of China had deep conscious awareness of Bao-Jiasystem, and consistently advocated the abolition of it. In the context of nationalanti-Japanese war, Communist Party of China adopted a flexible policy of struggle. Itwanted to reform Bao-Jia system in KMT-ruled area, establishment of democraticprinciples of village self-government system; and use Bao-Jia System for war servicein Japanese and Puppet regime-ruled area.1928 to 1945, Bao-Jia system in Shandong Province had obvious gradualcharacteristic. 1928 to 1936 was the first stage, and it was dominated by Governmentand implemented. 1937 to 1945 was the second stage, and it was multi-political forcesduring the infiltration of use, showing the characteristics of complex. Bao-Jia systemin Shandong Province in the first stage was a grassroots organization with multiplefunctions which was dominated by Nanjing National Government and implemented.The effect of its implementation was not satisfactory, and the functions was limited.Bao-Jia system in Shandong Province in the second stage was not simply a grassrootsorganization, and became the Japanese aggressors and the Chinese people's struggleagainst aggression and aggression tools. Therefore, Bao-Jia system in ShandongProvince had the dual nature of justice and injustice.