Why Is Chinese Medicine Westernized?

This paper is mainly based on sociology of scientific knowledge, from the perspective of the transformation of Chinese medicine education, to explore the social and institutional reasons why the Chinese medicine is westernized. Based on the history of Chinese medicine education, this paper describes the transformation of the education of Chinese medicine from ancient to modern times due to social and institutional reasons. Chinese medicine education mainly experienced traditional Chinese medicine in the ancient times, Chinese medicine after the opium war and the two rejuvenation(the founding of new China and third plenary session of the11th central committee) and the two decline (the period of the Republic of China and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution).This special historical process leads to Chinese medicine being westernized in modern times, especially after the founding of new China, The birth of the first batch of doctors combining Chinese medicine with western medicine have become an important beginning of Chinese medicine education being westernized. From the perspective of the transformation of Chinese medicine education, we can see that Chinese medicine is westernized.Chinese medicine being westernized can be clarified empirically by the transformation of comparing ancient Chinese medicine with Chinese medicine specialty in Nanjing university of Chinese medicine, including arrangement of Curriculum, student admission, examination mode, education mode and teachers title evaluation from. Specific performance is as follows:Some Chinese medicine course names have a shift, from Da fangmai into internal medicine of Chinese medicine, from Furen into gynecology of Chinese medicine, from Xiao fangmai into pediatrics of Chinese medicine, etc.; Curriculum also is changed,from no western medicine courses in the ancient time to Chinese and western medicine courses combined in the modern time, especially the class hours of four great classics of Chinese medicine now is less than the class hours of the western important course; Examination way has a shift from fully understanding the medical classics and clinical practice to the form of filling up the topic, multiple-choice by rote learning combined with clinical patterns; Student admission is changed. In the ancient times, students must be physicians’ children or talented person in the officials’ children, but at present, the students have no base of Chinese medicine knowledge at all and they learn the western physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry and other disciplines when they was a child; educational mode has a change from practice throughout the whole process of medical education to theory prior to practice, and teaching being asked to learn how to use the western modern medical instruments; Teachers title evaluation criteria is changed from combination every medicine office approving with the examination to mainly paper number, quality, and scientific research.The causes of Chinese medicine being westernized can be analyzed from the perspective of sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK). From the perspective of the history of science, with the aid of Pyenson’s theory of "science and culture imperialism", this paper analyzes the process of colonization of western medicine as cultural pioneers in China; with the help of the Basalla’s "three stage model", this paper studied western medicine in China being changed into the process of separate "colonial medicine". Both provide macroscopic, empirical and historical background for Chinese medicine being westernized; From the perspective of philosophy, this paper uses Foucault’s theory of "discipline and punish", analyses how the modern educational institutions "discipline" Chinese student by western medicine knowledge from the perspective of the western "panoramic architecture", such as "modern" sense of western medicine colleges and universities and hospitals. They become the main force of combining Chinese and western medicine. This is an important beginning which leads to Chinese medicine westernized; also through the Kuhn’s "paradigm" theory, this paper analyzes the western medical textbook being put into practice, which leads to form a strong western medicine "paradigm" in China. Chinese medicine Students learn the western knowledge under the western theory of "paradigm".They become the doctor of combining with Chinese and western medicine and they research Chinese medicine under two kinds of "paradigm" of Chinese and western medicine, which leads to Chinese medicine westernized.; the theory of Bourdieu’s "scientific field" illustrates that the academic capital, social capital and administrative capital play the key role in the scientific development. The purpose of Chinese medicine westernized is to obtain capital, social capital and the administrative capital needed to develop Chinese medicine, namely accessing to the identity of the modern science and the ticket of participating into the dominant medicine dialogue.As China’s traditional cultural heritage, traditional Chinese medicine should be excavated, protected, inherited, carried forward and spread by means of modern medicine education, but in the process of educational development of Chinese medicine in the modern times, Chinese medicine appeared the trend of oriented-western-medicine, which makes people think about the problem between the trend of the development of Chinese medicine and protecting Chinese traditional culture heritage. To think about this problem, firstly, we must understand clearly the reasons why Chinese medicine is westernized, try to provide some feasible suggestions for the development of Chinese medicine education in the modern transformation of the development according to these reasons, which makes both protecting the traditional Chinese medicine culture in our country and makes positive and healthy development of Chinese medicine. Obviously, the problem about why Chinese medicine is westernized has important reference value and significance for the protection and education of Chinese medicine in the future development, so the analysis of the problem constitutes the main line of this Master’s dissertation research.