Study Of Edible Mushrooms Solid-state Fermentation Using Camellia Meal

The product of Camellia is rich in China, but Camellia meal as the byproducts of Camellia was not utilized effectively. It was wasted greatly instead. Camellia meal contains some crude protein, carbohydrate and crude fiber, and it can be used as a nitrogen source and a carbon source required for the growth of edible mushrooms. In order to achieve value-added utilization of Camellia meal, cultured some edible mushrooms which were able to grow suitably on the Camellia meal culture medium, and evaluated the feasibility that whether the Camellia meal fermented by those edible mushrooms could be applied to protein feed, eleven edible mushrooms were cultured on the Camellia meal culture medium with different proportions. Those edible mushrooms were Morchella esculenta, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus eryngii, Xixia basswood lentinus edodes, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Russula albida Peck, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, L26 lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa, Coprinus comatus respectively.Three dominant strains were screened by the growth rate and the degradation of tea saponin on the Camellia meal culture medium of the mycelium. The conditions of high performance liquid chromatography to detect the representation of tea saponin was established initially. The changes of the total sugar, crude protein, crude fiber and total antioxidant capacity of Camellia meal culture medium were measured before and after fermentation by each edible mushroom. The main studying contents as follows:(1) Determination of mycelial growth rate indicated that, the remaining edible mushrooms could grow normally on the Camellia meal culture medium with different proportions except Coprinus comatus. Morchella esculenta, Russula albida Peck and Xixia basswood lentinus edodes were screened by the growth rate and the degradation of tea saponin on the Camellia meal culture medium of the mycelium. The three edible mushrooms grew faster than other species on the Camellia meal culture medium containing 0%,25%,50% and 70% Camellia meal significantly. And the degradation rate of tea saponin on the culture medium containing 25% Camellia meal were more than 62.38%, the degradation rate of tea saponin on the culture medium containing 50% Camellia meal were more than 53.54%, and the degradation rate of tea saponin on the culture medium containing 70% Camellia meal were more than 44.33%. Russula albida Peck, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Xixia basswood lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus and L26 lentinus edodes were able to produce fruiting bodies in the Camellia meal culture medium.(2) The conditions of high performance liquid chromatography to detect tea saponin representation was established initially. The chromatographic conditions as follows.Detector, DAD detector; Column, Venusil MP-C 18(250 mm X 4.6 mm,5μm); column temperature,25 ℃; mobile phase, A:water (containing 0.1% formic acid); B: acetonitrile; gradient elution:0～20 min,40% acetonitrile; 21～26 min,80% acetonitrile; 27～33 min,40% acetonitrile; flow rate,1 mL/min; injection volume,20 μL; detection wavelength,230 nm. The methodology was verified, and the precision and reproducibility were very well. Besides, the recovery was 98.13%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.87%. Finally, the representation of tea saponin in all Camellia meal culture medium before and after fermentation was determined by this method. The results showed that Russula albida Peck, Xixia basswood lentinus edodes, Morchella esculenta and Pleurotus ostreatus could degrade the representation of tea saponin better than others, and the degradation rate reached more than 77% all.(3) The changes of the total sugar, crude protein, crude fiber and oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of Camellia meal culture medium were measured before and after fermentation by each edible mushroom. Each edible mushroom utilized the total sugar, degraded the crude fiber and increased the content of the total crude protein in the Camellia meal culture medium and the total antioxidant ability of the Camellia meal culture medium declined except Coprinus comatus. As for the total sugar, Grifola frondosa achieved the maximum utilization of total sugar, and the utilization was more than 69.88%. The overall utilization of the total sugar by Morchella esculenta, Russula albida Peck, Xixia basswood lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus and Hericium erinaceus were at a high level(41.47%～78.65%). As for the crude protein, the content of crude protein on all Camellia meal culture media after the fermentation of Hericium erinaceus was the most, and the increasing rate was more than 31.84%. The content of crude protein on all Camellia meal culture media after the fermentation of Russula albida Peck, Morchella esculenta, Xixia basswood lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus increased by14.66-32.01%. It was at a high level. Most edible mushrooms had a poor ability of degradation to crude fiber on the Camellia meal culture medium. The degradation of crude fiber by the Hericium erinaceus was the highest, and the degradation was more than 16.80%. The worst degradation of the crude fiber was Grifola frondosa(2%～3%). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity test showed that the Camellia meal culture media after fermentation by different edible mushrooms still had different antioxidant capacities. The antioxidant capacities showed some differences by different strains. The content of tea saponin in all Camellia meal culture media was beneath 4%. Compared with the provisions of protein feed that the content of crude protein is above 20% and the content of crude fiber is beneath 18%, only the 25% Camellia meal culture medium fermented by Hericium erinaceus, Russula albida Peck and Pleurotus eryngii met the requirements. Those Camellia meal culture media with different proportions fermented by other edible mushrooms can be used as the feed materials, or they can be subjected to secondary fermentation so that achieve the protein feed standards.