| Maca originating in Peru area and is the dried rhizome of Lepidium meyenii Walp. of genus Lepidium of family Brassicaceae. The Studies show that maca contains rich protein, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, polysaccharide and unique macamide and maceaene, it has a variety of pharmacological activities to improve fertility, anti-tumor, anti-aging, regulate endocrine, and so on. Maca itself belongs to medicine and food dual-purpose plant, it has been taking up to now in the Andes region and there has never been any toxicity reported, so Maca is safe in vivo and in vitro. To 2002, Yunnan, Xinjiang and other places successively introduced the varieties, and gradually formed a large scale of planting. It has rapid development in health care areas because of the effect, so the emergence of this situation that with other plants such as radish powder instead of Maca powder. At present, the state in the Maca is not a complete industry standards. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a set of appropriate quality standards in order to promote the development of the planting and industrialization of our country Maca specification. This is the first comparative study in different areas of Maca, Raphanus sativus L., Brassica rapa L. from pharmacognosy and chemical composition, and isolation and identification of Lepidium meyenii of Yunnan. The main research methods and results are as follows:1. Identification of different origin of Maca and the same family of plants. Identification of Maca, Raphanus sativus L., Brassica rapa L. from pharmacognosy through the microscopic identification, ITS2 with molecular biology analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identification. (1) There are some subtle differences in the morphology of the starch grains and the ducts of microscopic identification. In addition to this, there is no obvious difference. (2) From the biological identification, ITS2 bar code is not the same. Therefore, the ITS2 sequence can be used as the DNA barcode fast, accurate identification Maca, Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica rapa L., but the method can not be used for the identification of the same families which have no variation in different producing areas. (3) This method can be used for identification on Lepidium meyenii from different habitats and it can distinguish of Maca herb and other herbs of Cruciferae through the similarity of infrared spectral data and chemical pattern recognition. In summary, we can comprehensive, systematic, accurately identified different habitats of Maca and belong to the same family of plants through the three identification technology. To provide a reliable basis for the quality evaluation and quality control of Maca. At the same time, this method can also be used for the identification of other varieties of medicinal herbs.2. Comparative study on chemical constituents of Maca from different habitats. Investigate the chemical constituents of Maca from Yunnan, Xizang and Xinjiang and so on and Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica rapa L., using TLC, HPLC, UV, GC-MS and other modern analytical techniques, to evaluate their quality. (1) The chemical composition of the ethyl acetate part of three species of the same species was found to have a similar, and they have a high degree of similarity from Chemical polarity of larger parts. The chemical composition of different origin of Maca is basically the same and the result show that the chemical composition of Maca is consistent since 2004 Maca have been introduced from Peru to China. (2) We found that Peruvian Maca unsaturated fatty acid content was higher than domestic Maca, and domestic Maca unsaturated fatty acid esters content higher than Peru Maca by GC-MS. This result may be related to the habitat, ecological environment and other conditions are closely related. (3) There were significant difference between the content of Polysaccharides and total alkaloids from different habitats in Maca. The contents of polysaccharides and total alkaloids were 2.87%?12.47% and 0.34%?0.95%. Comprehensive consideration, in the initial formulation of quality standards, the total alkaloid is not less than 0.30%. The basis of the above research can provide a reference basis for the quality standard of Maca.3. Determination of trace elements and heavy metals in different areas of Maca. The research shows that the element of Cd of Maca is excessive in some areas, this may be related to climate, soil environment and the enrichment ability of Maca to Cd elements in the soil. Study found that Maca contains abundant mineral elements, andthese minerals has a close relationship with function of anti fatigue, improve fertility and regulating endocrine of Maca. Through the study of trace elements and heavy metal elements in Maca, to accelerate our country Maca industrial development lay the foundation and it plays an important significance in safety and the quality of Maca.4. Isolation and identification of ethyl acetate of Maca. Using the method of silica gel column, gel column, preparation thin-layer technology to seperate and purifie the chemical constituents of ethyl acetate of Maca. Four constituents have been isolated and identified,2-(3-hydroxyphenyl) acetonitrile (1), Hexadecanamide (2), N-benzylpalmitamide (3),3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4), and the compound 1, 4 have been obtained from this plant for the first time. This study provides the material basis for establish spectrum effect relationship of Maca in the future.Innovation point1. The DNA bar code technology is used for the first time to identification of different origin of Maca and the same family of plants, and provide the basis for the authenticity of the market of Maca.2. Using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics analysis to effective identification of different origin of Maca and provide ideas for identification of other herbs.3. Isolation and identification of ethyl acetate of Maca provides the material basis for establish spectrum effect relationship of Maca in the future.4. Finally the quality standard of Maca was established and draft quality standard draft of Maca. It lays the foundation for accelerating the development of Maca industry.This paper provides a basis for identification of different origin of Maca medicinal materials and raw materials. The separation of Maca ethyl acetate rich material base of Maca, and laid the foundation for the establishment of spectral efficiency relationship. At the same time, the basic research of chemical composition and determination of elements laid the foundation for the establishment of quality standard of Maca. |
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