Foreign-related Ideas And Practices In The Ming Dynasty

The concept of foreign affairs in Ming dynasty can be divided into the world outlook,the view of chinese and barbarians,the wangba opinions and the concept of justice and benefit.Although these ideas originated from the traditional,but because of the particularity of the background of the times,there was a great difference between the traditional ideologies and these ideas.In first,in the view of the world,the Ming dynasty has already begun to change from“tianxia”to“the world”.The concept of state has started to germinate at this time;the concept of vassals have no diplomatism also suffered great damage.In the late Ming dynasty and the Nanming period,the concept of the world of enlightened intellectuals has changed greatly under the internal social contradictions and the stimulation of western culture.At the same time,the rulers of Ming dynasty failed to do what they preach“to make no exception”.Whether it was the choice of the "fifteen countries without military strike",or in respect of the tribute period and reward of each tributary,the rulers are treated differently.In second,in the view of chinese and barbarians,because of weaknesses in the confrontation with barbarians,the concept of inside chinese and outside barbarians advocated by the Ming people has not been effectively implemented.The main sources of resistance in Mongolia,Japan and Jurchen,the fear for barbarians caused the rulers in the written statement of the change,such as the use frequency of “servise great power”in the late Ming dynasty was far lower than the previous.Moreover,the view of chinese and barbarians of Ming people was also affected by the concept of peripheral countries and western culture.Joseon,Annam and Japan were deeply influenced by Confucian culture also has formed its own characteristics of view of chinese and barbarians and actively put into practice.In the late Ming dynasty,the western geographical knowledge and religious culture brought about by the missionaries also impacted the Chinese central consciousness of the chinese people atthat time.The view of chinese and barbarians of Ming people faced with unprecedented challenges.In third,in the wangba opinions,Ming dynasty was used the concept of “kindness is working with arm”.The old doctrine “fifteen non-invasion countries” which was leaved behind the emperor Ming Taizu actually it is a kind of invisible concept of“kindness is working with arm”.The foreign military activities later launched by later emperors did not violate the original intention of the emperor Taizu.At the same time,as the specific performance of “kindness is working with arm”,the concept of used kindness and dignity together has no strong national strength to support,it will suffer huge resistance.In fourth,in the concept of justice and benefit,the concept which was advocated by the Ming dynasty rulers has both real and unreal side.At the same time,the implementation of the concept of“servise great power”and “protect puniness” should be affected by the“discrimination of righteousness and profit”to a large extent.Especially the concept of “restores a fallen state” what is the extreme state of “protect puniness” is directly dependent on national interests.Finally,through the investigation of the practice of the concept of foreign related ideas in the Ming dynasty,it is found that the two groups of ideas and practices,morality and interests are conflicting in many cases.When faced with the choice,the Ming dynasty rulers will generally choose the interests of pragmatism and give up too idealistic ideas and morality.