| Antibiotics make a great contribution to the advancement of human society,but the overuse of antibiotics has formed a "pseudo-persistent" phenomenon in the environment,which seriously threatens the health of human and ecological environment systems.Xiaoqing River originates from the Muli village in the western suburbs of Jinan,at the Shouguang’ Yangjiaogou flows into the Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea.Xiaoqing River is a typical land-based river into the sea,and is one of China’s five major national defense rivers.Xiaoqing River is an artificial river channel that integrates flood control,waterlogging,irrigation,and shipping.It is also the main polluted river channel in Xiaoqing River Basin.In recent years,with the rapid economic development and large number of sewage treatment plants have taken place in the Xiaoqing River Basin,and the environmental impact of antibiotic pollutants cannot be ignored.In this paper,the commonly used five types of antibiotics(macrolides,quinolones,sulfonamides,sulfa synergists,and tetracyclines)are taken as research objects.The contents and distribution of antibiotics in various sections of rivers,river sediments,surface soils,drinking water,and sewage treatment plants in the Xiaoqing River Basin were studied.Simultaneously,the source of antibiotic pollution in Xiaoqing River was analyzed and the environmental risk of antibiotics in Xiaoqing River was evaluated.In order to provide support for antibiotic pollution control in the Xiaoqing River Basin.The main results of the paper are as follows:(1)UPLC-MS/MS method was used for antibiotics detection.The detection limit of waterlike antibiotics was 0.05~3.21 ng/L,and the limit of quantification was 0.2~10.65 ng/L.The detection limit of soil/sediment samples was 0.04~1.83 ng/g,the limit of quantification was 0.2~7.32 ng/g.(2)Antibiotics were detected in different levels in Xiaoqing River water body,surface sediments,and coastal surface soils: antibiotic concentrations in water ranged from 0.99~832.4 ng/L,and antibiotic concentrations in surface sediments ranged from 9.71~7842 ng/g.The concentration of antibiotics in the surface soil ranged from 0.57~6763 ng/g.The concentration of antibiotics varied significantly in time and space.The overall performance in the time was dry period higher than the wet period,and the overall performance in the space was higher than the tributary.Xiaoqing River estimates the antibiotic flux into the sea in 2017 at 376.6 kg.No antibiotics were detected in the drinking water of the Xiaoqing River Basin.(3)During the dry season,the cumulative concentration of 19 antibiotics in the surface water of the Jinan section of the Xiaoqing River ranged from 21.98 to 519.5 ng/L,and the cumulative concentration of 19 antibiotics in the tributary ranged from 28.98 to 730.3 ng/L.The concentration of antibiotics is slightly higher than the tributaries.Total concentration of antibiotics in the inflow water of WWTP is 1256 ~2005 ng/L,total antibiotic concentration in effluent is 621.2~1095 ng/L,total concentration of antibiotic in influent sludge is 6786~39121 ng/g,total concentration of antibiotics in activated sludge was 7587~15497 ng/g,and the total concentration of antibiotics in dewatered sludge was 6121~8787 ng/g.Jinan four sewage treatment plant removal rate of the total amount of antibiotics was 36.1%~69.0%,to many antibiotics showed negative removal.The daily discharge of antibiotics in the four sewage treatment plants A,B,C,and D was 438.16 g,200.64 g,155.29 g,43.20 g.(4)The results of principal component analysis show that domestic sewage is the main source of antibiotics in surface water of Xiaoqing River,and aquaculture wastewater is also an important source of antibiotics in Xiaoqing River;sewage treatment plant is the main antibiotic discharge point source in Xiaoqing River Basin.The risk assessment results showed that the environmental risks of CTM,OFX,and SMX in the surface water of Xiaoqing River were high,and the antibiotics showed the lowest risk to fish.The antibiotics at sampling point S3,S4,S5,S11,S12,P7,P9,and P10,environmental risk is relatively high,and the environmental risk of point P11 is low.In terms of time,the overall environmental risk of antibiotics in Xiaoqing River water is as follows: the dry season is higher than the normal season,and the normal season is higher than the wet season.The surface water in the Jinan section of the Xiaoqing River,environmental risks of the antibiotics CTM,OFX,and SMX were high,and 19 sites showed high risk for algae. |
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