The Cross-sectional Study Of Smoking And Drinking Among Residents Aged 15 And Above In Henan Province

Smoking is a major risk factor for many non-communicable diseases and premature deaths worldwide,which seriously endangers the health of individuals and the public.WHO(World Health Organization)pointed out that since the 20 th century,the use of tobacco products has caused 100 million deaths worldwide,and the tobacco epidemic has become a huge public health challenge facing the world.The China Smoking Hazard Health Report points out that more than 1 million people die from smoking-related diseases every year in China.If the prevalence of smoking is not controlled,the annual death toll will reach 3 million by 2050.The World Health Organization(WHO)Global Burden of Disease Project reports that 1.8 million of all deaths worldwide each year are related to alcohol intake.China has a long history of drinking.The drinking rate of residents over 15 years old in China is 34.3%(54.6% for males and 13.3% for females).Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with the development of cancer.Alcohol also causes death and disability through accidents and injuries,attacks,violence,homicides and suicides.Teenagers who drink alcohol also pose many health risks,such as drunk driving,violence,drug abuse,unsafe sex and suicide.Smoking and drinking,as factors affecting health,endanger our health to varying degrees.Henan Province,as a populous province,has a large number of people who smoke and drink.Therefore,it is of great significance for Henan Province and even the whole country to understand the current situation and influencing factors of smoking and drinking in Henan Province.ObjectivesTo understand the distribution and influencing factors of smoking and drinking among people aged 15 and over in Henan,and to identify the risk groups,so as to provide theoretical basis for the strategies and measures of smoking control and alcohol restriction in Henan Province.Methods(1)Multi-stage stratified sampling: four-stage random sampling method was used to select survey subjects.In the first stage,31 provincial administrative regions and urban and rural areas are divided into 62 layers,and 4 districts/counties are selected by PPS method in each layer.In the second stage,two streets/townships were selected by simple random sampling(SRS)in selected districts/counties.In the third stage,SRS was used to extract three residential committees/villagers' committees from the selected streets/townships.In the fourth stage,SRS method was adopted to extract the corresponding number of individuals according to gender and age stratification in the selected neighborhood committee/village committee.(2)Data collection: collect the required information through questionnaires.The personal situation questionnaire survey is divided into two parts.The first part is a survey of the basic situation of the individual,and the second part is the personal habits of the respondents.(3)Data entry and analysis: After the survey,data entry should adopt the way of double-entry and double-entry,and finally import into Microsoft Excel 2010 for summary.Finally,through SPSS17.0 software for analysis,the test level is alpha=0.05(bilateral).Results(1)In this survey,the smoking rate was 42.9% for males and 1.9% for females.Smoking was affected by seven factors: sex,age,nationality,education level,region,employment situation and marital status.Among them,sex-female(OR: 0.015 95% CI: 0.012-0.018),education-Primary(OR: 0.823 95% CI: 0.688-0.984),junior middle school(OR: 0.806 95% CI: 0.670-0.968),senior high school(OR: 0.664 95% CI: 0.533-0.828),University and above(OR: 0.508 95% CI: 0.385-0.968).0.670),retirement from employment(OR: 0.716 95% CI: 0.564-0.909),and school students(OR: 0.312 95% CI: 0.204-0.478)were the protective factors for smoking.Residential area-rural area(OR: 1.138 95% CI: 1.012-1.279)is a risk factor for smoking.The onset age of smoking in males(22.15 ± 7.88 years old)was earlier than that in females(27.79 ± 14.90 years old).And men smoked longer(P = 0.000).The highest proportion of smoking was found in men aged 45 to 55 and in women aged 55 to 65,accounting for 20.8% and 24.9%,respectively.The highest proportion was found in women aged 55 to 65,accounting for 28.7% and 29.9% respectively.The smoking rate of men and women with college or higher education is the lowest(32.3% and 0.5% respectively).Smoking is influenced by education level.With the increase of education level,the smoking rate tends to decrease.The smoking rate of rural population(male and female)is higher than that of urban population.The highest smoking rates were found in men(49.6% and 42.5% respectively)and in women(0.3% respectively).(2)Smoking cessation and second-hand smoking exposure are affected by the population distribution characteristics.The highest rate of smoking cessation is found in male manual workers(54.9%)and in female non-manual workers(22.7%).The smoking behavior of men and women is affected by marital status.The highest smoking cessation rate(55.9%)is among men who separated/divorced/widowed,and the highest smoking rate is among married/remarried/cohabitants(67.9%).The past smoking rate and quitting smoking rate of married/remarried/cohabiting women were the highest(74.3% and 63.8% respectively).The second-hand smoke exposure rate was 99.3% for women and 95.5% for men.Both men and women suffered from the harm of second-hand smoke,but the harm to women was more serious(P = 0.000).Men and women at different ages,regions,educational levels,employment status,occupation and marital status are suffering from second-hand smoke hazards,second-hand smoke exposure rate is more than 90%.(3)In this survey,the male drinking rate was 58.2%,while the female drinking rate was 11.5%.Six factors,including gender,age,nationality,education level,employment and occupation,affect the occurrence of alcohol drinking behavior.Among them,women were the protective factors for drinking(OR: 0.064 95% CI: 0.057-0.071),and people with higher education were more likely to drink(OR: 1.314 95% CI: 1.089-1.587 University and above OR: 2.306 95% CI: 1.807-2.941).Physical labor is the protective factor for drinking(OR: 0.740 95% CI: 0.637-0.861).The onset age of drinking in males(22.15 ±8.13 years old)was earlier than that in females(24.36 ± 11.99 years old)(P = 0.000).The highest rates of alcohol abstinence were 80.7% and 83.4% for males aged 15-25,and 31.8% and 35.7% for males aged 65-75,respectively.High-frequency drinking(at least once a day,at least once a week,at least once a month)was more common among people aged 55-15,while low-frequency drinking(seasonal drinking,occasional drinking)was more common.It's going to happen in the 15-year-old population.The prevalence of alcohol consumption was higher in women aged 15-25 years(46.4%,27.0%).Women aged 15-year-old occasionally drank alcohol(61.8%).Women aged 45-year-old and 55-year-old drank alcohol more frequently(at least once a day,at least once a week,at least once a month).Alcohol abstinence mainly occurred in 55-year-olds,65-year-olds and 75-year-olds(17.8%,15.5%,24.0%).(4)Smoking and drinking always occur together.There is a certain correlation between smoking and drinking behavior.Especially in men,smoking and drinking are more common(male r = 0.133,female r = 0.064).Conclusions(1)Compared with the national smoking rate in 2011,the smoking rate of males and females in Henan Province has decreased,which is lower than the national average,and the smoking rate of males is higher than that of females.(2)The distribution of smoking has the characteristics of population distribution,mainly in the rural population,the manual workers and the people with low educational level.Secondhand smoke is also distributed in different age,region,education level,employment status,occupation and marital status,and the rate of exposure to secondhand smoke is more than 90%.(3)The drinking rate of men and women in Henan Province is lower than the national average,and men are the main body of drinking.The phenomenon of drinking is common among school students,and with the increase of educational level,the drinking rate has an upward trend,and the frequency of drinking among rural people and manual workers is higher.