| Objective: The bitterness of Mongolian medicine commonly has the function of reducing "Xie-ri".“Digestion Xie-ri” is the main part of "Three Fires of Digestion",which is closely related to the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract.With the function of inhibiting "Xie-ri" and dispelling fire,ten different kinds of Mongolian medicine Digda were recorded,and most of them taste bitterness with “Cold” property.The Sanskrit name of Digda is translated as "extremely bitter" and has the function of gastrointestinal protective effects.Obesity has been considered as a metabolic disease,and gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the main causes for inducing it.Based on the taste theory of Mongolian medicine,this study elucidated the anti-obesity and gastrointestinal motility effect of Mongolian medicine Digda on obese rats induced by high-fat and high-energy diets.The aim of this study is to provide new research ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity,while further exploring on the scientific connotation of Mongolian medicine flavor theory.To verify the anti-obesity effect of Mongolian medicine Digda,we hypothesis that " bitter taste Mongolian medicine Digda stimulates gastrointestinal smooth muscle and delays gastrointestinal emptying by activating the bitter taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces appetite and the gastric emptying ".The overall aim is to identify the anti-obesity effect and the mechanism of Mongolian medicine Digda on high-fat and high-energy diet induced obese rats.Methods and results: In this study,firstly,7 kinds of Digda(Lomatogonium rotatum,Parnassia palustris,Halenia corni,Saxifraga stolonifer,Bunge corydalis herb,Herba violae,Swertia herb)were extracted with 75% ethanol and were tested to screen their anti-obesity effects on obese rats.The anti-obesity effect of seven extracts on obese rats induced by high-fat and high-energy diet were measured by intragastric administration for 5 weeks.The results showed that the extracts of Swertia herb and Halenia corni Swertia herb had the significant effects on reducing body weight of obese rats.According to the results of screening experiment,with the most anti-obesity effect of Swertia herb’s extraction(P=0.039)and the most curative characteristic of Mongolian medicine Lomatogonium rotatum’s extraction were divided into three doses(0.18g/kg,0.9g/kg,1.8g/kg,respectively)for 6 weeks drug administration,and measuring their effects on various anti-obesity indicat.The results showed that the low dose group(P=0.008)and the middle dose group(P=0.015)of Lomatogonium rotatum had significantly reduced the body weight of rats.The low dose group(P=0.019)and the middle dose group(P=0.044)of Lomatogonium rotatum had significantly decreased the Lee’s index in rats.The high-dose group of Swertia herb had significantly decreased the body weight(P=0.005)and Lee’s index(P=0.03)of rats,while the low-dose group significantly decreased the Lee’s index of rats(P=0.041).The results of measurements of gastrointestinal function and weekly feed intake showed that the three groups of Swertia herb(P < 0.01),the middle dose group(P<0.001)and high dose group(P=0.044)of Lomatogonium rotatumhad had significant effect on gastric emptying in rats,and each dose of the two extracts had significant effect on reducing food intake(P = < 0.05),which proved that the rat’s appetite was reduced by delaying gastric emptying(P = < 0.05).Both extracts had no significant effects on intestinal propulsive rate.The results of fat weight measurement showed that the high dose group and the middle dose group of Swertia herb significantly reduced the perirenal fat(P=0.05)and peritesticular fat weight(P=0.004),respectively.Both extracts had significant effects on decreasing of the weight of mesenteric fat,(P=0.028 in the low dose group of Lomatogonium rotatumhad,P=0.036 in the middle dose group and P=0.051 in the high-dose group of Swertia herb).The results of serum cholesterol(TG),triglyceride(TC),HDL-C(high density lipoprotein cholesterol)and LDL-C(low density lipoprotein cholesterol)in rats showed that the low dose group of Lomatogonium rotatumhad had significant effect on decrease TG(P=0.026)and increase LDL-C(P=0.046),while the middle dose group of Lomatogonium rotatumhad had significant effect on decrease TC(P=0.039).The low dose group(P=0.006)and the high dose group(P=0.026)of Swertia herb had significant effect on decrease TC,while the high dose group had significant effect on decrease TG(P=0.013).The changes of serum appetite hormone cholecystokinin(CCK)secretion in gastrointestinal tract were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)to evaluate the effects of two extracts on the secretion of appetite-lowering hormones.The results showed that the low dose group of Lomatogonium rotatumhad and the three doses group of Swertia herb had significant effects on the decrease of CCK.Finally,the bitterness intensity of extracts from Parnassia palustris,Bunge corydalis herb,Halenia corni,Lomatogonium rotatum and Swertia herb were evaluated by Taste Analysis System.Mongolian medicine Digda stimulate human basic bitter taste sensation.The bitter degree of Lomatogonium rotatum and Swertia herb has increased with the concentration dependent.Structural analysis of extracts of Lomatogonium rotatum and Swertia herb was analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry showed that the main components of the two extracts were flavonoids,glycosides,alkaloids and other compounds.Conclusion: The study preliminarily demonstrated that the main components of Lomatogonium rotatum and Swertia herb are flavonoids,glycosides and alkaloids,and their main bitter sources are alkaline substances.In addition,we proved that two extracts of Digda have the effect on reducing weight of high-fat and high-energy diet induced obese rat.The mechanism of reducing appetite in obese rats may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal motility by bitter substances. |
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