Research On Industrial Education In Zhili Province In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Early Republic Of China

The development of Industrial Education in China is accompanied by the gradual spread of Western learning to the east,and at the same time,it has undergone a process of absorption and transformation of education localization.In modern times,because of its specific geographical,economic and cultural regional location,Zhili Province has formed a special school-running characteristics of industrial education.The establishment of Industrial Education in Zhili Province is carried out under the background of raising the ideological trend of industrial education throughout the country,saving the country by industry and establishing the industrial education system.Because Zhili Province is located in the coastal area and surrounds the Beijing Normal University,it has good congenital conditions in the dissemination of advanced ideas,the establishment of new enterprises and the implementation of policies.In addition,the pioneering experiments and efforts of Hongzhang Li,Shikai Yuan,Xuexi Zhou and others have made the industrial education in Zhili Province more advantageous than that in the mainland provinces at the beginning of its rise.From the general situation of the development of Industrial Education in Zhili in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,the number of formal industrial education in Zhili Province is the largest in Tianjin and Baoding prefectures,which are more concentrated in these two places.Shuntian Prefecture and Xuanhua Prefecture also show scattered distribution.Informal industrial education is widely distributed throughout the province.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,the scale of Industrial Education in Zhili Province changed from small to large.The type of school running was parallel between formal school education and non-formal education.There were high-level,secondary,junior and remedial education.The contents of high,middle and primary education included agriculture,industry and commerce,which were relatively complete.In terms of management,when industrial education in Zhili Province started,it mainlyrelied on foreign students to undertake industrial education and foreign teachers to teach core courses.With the continuous development of education,the number of students trained by industrial schools and graduates of teachers’ workshops in industrial schools is increasing.Graduates of teachers’ workshops are gradually becoming teachers.As far as students are concerned,it is difficult for them to recruit qualified students in the newly established industrial education.The management of students is strict,the students are more diligent and their academic achievements are excellent.The sources of funds for industrial education are various,but they are still insufficient.The curriculum of Industrial Education in Zhili Province conforms to the requirements of national industrial education in form.It can also adjust courses according to local conditions.As far as teaching organization and teaching methods are concerned,Zhili Province implements a combination of various teaching organization forms,and teaching methods are flexible and diverse,paying more attention to students’ practical ability.Compared with other provinces in the same period,the industrial education in Zhili Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China paid more attention to the training of teachers.The development of Industrial Education in accordance with local conditions made it more in line with the needs of production.The intervention of administrative forces also improved the efficiency of its output.Industrial education has contributed to the promotion of industrial development and played a major role in the process of social transformation in Zhili Province,thus speeding up the process of modernization in Zhili Province.Emphasis on practical teaching has greatly changed the old education mode in Zhili Province,played an important role in disseminating new educational ideas,and laid a foundation for modern vocational education in Zhili Province.However,there are still many limitations in the development of Industrial Education in Zhili Province,such as low social demand,insufficient financial support,and the belief that industrial education still exists.