A Study On Fan Tribes Between Ming Dynasty And Mongol In Late 16th Century

As we know,Sheng Shu Fan or Xi Fan or Fan Zu lived in outside of Shaanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,Sichuan and Yunnan during the period of Ming Dynasty.In early Ming Dynasty,several of Xi Fan tribes surrendered successively to Ming Dynasty and proceeded "tribute trade" and "tea trade." The parts of the Mongols of the Right Wing who migrated the Hehuang area in the mid-period of the Ming Dynasty was regarded as Xihai Mongols,which broke the peaceful state between Ming and Fan.The Mongolian’s westward migration forced Xi Fan tribes around the Qinghai Lake to move eastward and invaded the border of the Ming Dynasty frequently,which caused in turmoil in the mainland.At the same time,Ming Dynasty pursued a combined policy of both association and strike to cope with various departments of tribes.In 1575,the Ming Dynasty and Mongol of the Right-Wing reached the "Sino-Mongol Treaty".Restricted circulation between the Chinese-Mongol border to avoid raids and wars from Mongols provoked,which brought peace to the Great Wall border territory along the west of Zhangjiakou.In this situation,Mongolian got more convenient access to Hehuang area and Qinghai tribes gradually became their servants.Xi Fan had to rob the livestock in the border areas of Ming Dynasty to pay tribute to Mongolian.This situation made the Mongolian,Fan and the Ming Dynasty formed a kind of close tripartite interaction relation.As for the study on "Ping-Fan De-Sheng Tujuan",the history of the Xihai Mongols,relations of Ming and Mongol,relations of Ming and Fan,relation of Mongol and Fan,the predecessors have done a lot of work,but the study of the tripartite interaction has not yet formed a special study.This article mainly focuses on the years of 1574 to 1576,the area of Hehuang,and aims at retrospecting the whole process of the Ming Dynasty’s striking action to the Xia Sha Ma Zu,Shi La Zu,Can Duo Zu,Ba She Ha Zu,Zha Biao Ta Zu,Luo Bu Zu,Shan Tong Yu Zu,Xia Hou Tou Zu,Li Zi Zhuang Zu,Mao An Zu,Ri Wu Zu and Qian Ha Zu,through interpreting memorial to the throne,local records,history,inscriptions,map volumes and other related historical data.At the same time,this article also studies the situation of Tao Fan’s submission to the Mongolian after the 1571 " Sino-Mongol Treaty " and the historic fact that "Tao Fan" robbed the people in the border areas of Ming Dynasty to pay tribute to Mongolian.Finally,the article reaches a conclusion that the actions of the Ming Dynasty weakened the influence of Mongolian in the Hehuang area.On the surface,the whole story seems the conflict between the Ming army and the tribes,which looks like a bilateral relation.In fact,there is a kind of interaction relationship among Ming,Fan and Mongol.At the same time,they restricted mutually.The Xihai Mongols plays an important role in the tripartite relationship.More accurately,the Ming Dynasty took the Fan rebellion action was closely linked to the Mongols’ expansion of forces in Qinghai.Why did the Ming army attack Fan tribes?he author starts from the westward migration of Mongolians in Zhengde period.Combined with previous studies,it is found that with the migration of the Mongolians,the local ethnic composition changed,and the Hehuang area gradually formed the coexistence of Mongol,Fan,Hui,Qiang and other ethnic groups.In 1571,Ming Dynasty and Mongol of Right-Wing reached the "Sino-Mongol Treaty".Restricted circulation between the Chinese-Mongol border to avoid raids and war from Mongols provoked.With the protection of the "tribute" relationship,the Mongols entered the Hehuang area more conveniently and Qinghai tribes gradually became their servants.As the Mongolian right-wing forces growing in the Hehuang area,they aggressively robbed Fan tribes.Xihai Mongols constituted a threat to Ming Dynasty.However,due to the "Treaty"between the Ming and Mongolia,the Ming Dynasty couldn’t directly attack the Mongols,could only weaken Fan tribes power.Therefore,Ming Dynasty’s raided Fan tribe’s incident was not accident from 1574 to 1576.The cause of attack was the invasion of Ming border.the author explores the situation of the Fan tribes robbing Ming’s border.Xia Sha Ma Zu,Can Duo,Shi La Zu were traded with Liu Dajing,who is person of Tao Zhou in the 1574.However,"Tao Fan" tribes realized that they lost a lot of money in this transaction after a few months.As a result,"Tao Fan" tribes robbed the Liu Dajing’s livestock from Ma Shan Guan.It was known as "Tao He Shi Duan" or "Ma Shan Guan Shi Shi",which became fuse for Ming Dynasty raid Fan tribes in 1575.When the Shaanxi Governor Shi Maohua was preparing to deal with "Ma Shan Guan Shi Shi",there occurred another trouble in the Jie Zhou.Die Er and Gou Er,who were Shan Tong Yu tribes,were invited Li Zi Zhuang Zu tribes to rob the Jie Zhou’s Mu Zhu Ping in December 1574.Jie Zhou’s commander Fan Yanwu misjudged enemy’s forces and they took only a few dozen people to meet the Fan tribes.As the result,Fan Yanwu was caught.When Ming Shen Zong had heard the "Tao He Shi Duan",he ordered local officials to attack Fan tribes.How about the Ming army raid?Author mainly discusses the Ming Dynasty action to Fan tribes.Such as,Ming Dynasty’s raid on Mao An Zu in March,1575;Ming Dynasty’s raid on Xia Sha Ma Zu in April,1575;Ming Dynasty’s raid on "Jie Fan" in May,1575;Ming Dynasty’s raid on Xia Sha Ma Zu and its neighbors in September,1575.In this part,author used Shi Maohua’s "Yi An Zong Du Shan Xi Zou Yi",and based on the previous research to retrospect the whole process of the Ming Dynasty’s striking action to Xi Fan,through map volumes,poems,monument and other related historical data.Fan tribes became a poor victim between Ming and Mongol in early Wanli.author comprehensively analyses the interaction among Ming,Fan and Mongol."Tao Fan",who Lie Za Zu,Xia Sha Ma Zu,Can Duo Zu,Ba She Ha Zu,Luo Bu Zu,attached to the Mongolian after the "Sino-Mongol Treaty".Xi Fan had to rob the livestock in the border areas of Ming Dynasty to pay tribute to Mongolian.At this point,how to deal with Sheng Shu Fan and the Xihai Mongol was becoming first problem of Ming dynasty.According to the social environment,the Ming Dynasty adopted different strategies for different tribes.For example,Ming Dynasty raided on Sheng Fan,drawn Shu Fan,and traded with Xihai Mongol.