A Study Of The “Jiao” Sentences In Beijing Mandarin Textbooks Of Meiji Period In Japan

During the Meiji period,Chinese language education flourished in Japan,and a large number of Beijing Mandarin textbooks were compiled and published.This paper takes the "Jiao" sentences in four Beijing Mandarin textbooks during the Meiji period as the research object,and makes an analysis from the perspective of syntax and semantics,and makes a comparison with the "Jiao" sentences in contemporary Beijing Mandarin to analyze their similarities and differences.This paper is divided into six chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.This paper elaborates the origin and significance of this study,and clarifies the research object.This paper reviews the relevant research on Japanese Chinese textbooks and "Jiao" sentences,and introduces the research methods of this paper.The second chapter is about the definition and classification of the "Jiao" sentence.Firstly,it defines the research object of "Jiao" sentence.Secondly,according to the semantics of "Jiao",the "Jiao" sentences in the four textbooks can be divided into two categories: causative "Jiao" sentences and passive "Jiao" sentences.According to the specific differences expressed in the "Jiao" sentence of the servant’s "Jiao" sentence,it is subdivided into three categories: making sense,causing meaning,and allowing meaning.The third chapter is the analysis of the syntactic components of the "Jiao" sentence.The syntactic format of the "Jiao" sentence is "NP1 + Jiao + NP2 + VP".Comparing the three types of causative "Jiao" sentences,NP1 is a predicate phrase and clause,which is the unique syntactic component of causative "Jiao" sentences.NP2 ellipsis is limited to the "Jiao" sentence in the imperative sense.VP is an adjective,which is the unique syntactic component of the causative "Jiao" sentence.The fourth chapter is the semantic analysis of "Jiao" sentence.The sentence of "Jiao" in causative meaning includes four semantic elements: causative subject,causative object,causative force and causative result.The passive "Jiao" sentence contains four semantic elements: the recipient,the actor,the mediator and the result of the action.The semantic features of the two types of "Jiao" sentences are mainly embodied in [±will] and [±controllable].The fifth chapter is a comparison of the"Jiao"sentences in contemporary Beijing dialect.In terms of syntax and semantics,the sentence of causative meaning"Jiao"in contemporary Beijing dialect has the structure of"Jiao致使+NP兼语+VP+的是+S致事".There are also three usages of"intentional cause","unintentional cause","descriptive cause","descriptive cause"is frequently used.There are no similar structures in Meiji textbooks,and only the first two usages appear.In terms of usage,the usage frequency of the"Jiao"sentences in contemporary Beijing dialect has generally declined.In Beijing Mandarin textbooks during the Meiji period,the frequency of the use of the"Jiao"sentences was generally on the rise.The reason is that there are a large number of passive"Rang"sentences,"Jiao"sentences and"Bei"sentences in contemporary Beijing dialect.In contemporary Beijing dialect,the"Bei"sentences predominates.In Beijing Mandarin textbooks during the Meiji period,the"Bei"sentences also appeared,but the number was very small."Bei"is the passive marker of Nanjing Mandarin.The passive marker of Nanjing Mandarin appeared in Beijing Mandarin textbooks during this period,which is the result of the integration of North and South Mandarin.The dominant position of the"Bei"sentences in contemporary Beijing dialect is also due to the development of the times and the integration of northern and southern mandarin.The sixth chapter is the conclusion.This paper summarizes the contents of this study,and illustrates the shortcomings of this study and the need for further in-depth.