A Study On The Interrogative Sentences Of Beijing Mandarin In The Late Qing Dynasty

At the Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,it was at a special juncture in the history of Chinese development,which not only inherited the grammatical characteristics of modern Chinese,but also gave birth to the emerging grammatical phenomenon of modern Chinese.As the predecessor of modern Mandarin,Beijing Mandarin has a self-evident research position in the history of the Chinese language.However,due to the lack of linguistic data,the study of interrogative sentences in this issue has not received enough attention.The excavation of Beijing Mandarin textbooks in Japan during the Meiji period provided first-hand information for us to study the interrogative sentences of Beijing Mandarin in the late Qing Dynasty,which were mostly conversation-based,the language was very life-oriented and colloquial,and a large number of interrogative sentences were used to communicate,which better restored the true appearance of the local Beijing Mandarin at that time,and became an excellent data for us to study the interrogative sentences of Beijing Mandarin in the late Qing Dynasty.Guan Hua Zhi Nan,Bei Jing Guan Hua Tan Lun Xin Pian,Guan Hua Ji Jiu Pian and Yan Jing Fu Yu are four classic textbooks of the Meiji period in Japan,which have been reprinted many times and are widely popular.Among them,Guan Hua Zhi Nan(1881)and Bei Jing Guan Hua Tan Lun Xin Pian(1898)are high-class textbooks set against the background of officialdom;Guan Hua Ji Jiu Pian(1904)is mostly short sentences and belongs to the entry-level textbook;Yan Jing Fu Yu is a textbook for a female audience,based on the daily life of Manchu banner women in Beijing who have a certain status.These four textbooks are not only rich in conversational content,but also have a complex and concise sentence structure,and the in-depth and detailed analysis and description of the interrogative sentences in them,the summary of the rules in exhaustive analysis,and the exploration of the causes of special phenomena in the comparison over time can provide necessary clues for the study of modern Chinese dialects and Putonghua today.This thesis adopts a combination of synchronic research and diachronic research,supplemented by synchronic and diachronic corpus for evidence.At the synchronic level,select the vernacular novels Xiao E and Za Sui Lu of the same period;At the historical level,Dream of Red Mansions and The Legend of Children’s Heroes are selected upward,Lao She’s work Camel Xiangzi,Four Generations in the Same House,Under the Red Flag,and modern Beijing-style novel Imperial City Root are selected downwards to observe the development and changes of Beijing’s official interrogative sentences in the past hundred years.This article is divided into six parts:Chapter I,introduction.The reasons for the topic selection are introduced,the research status and weaknesses of Chinese interrogative sentences are reviewed,the nature and categories of interrogative sentences,the concepts of interrogative marks and interrogative focus are clarified,and finally the selection of corpus and research methods are explained.Chapter II,specific interrogation.Multiple dimensions were adopted to classify the special reference questions,firstly,from the perspective of expression function,the special reference questions were divided into true special questions and false special questions,and secondly,for the true special reference questions,according to the use of question marks,it was divided into special questions marked by interrogative words,special questions marked by mood words,and unmarked special questions,and false special reference questions mainly analyzed the pragmatic meaning of interrogation,blame,exclamation and questioning.Chapter III,yes-or-no question.Similarly,from the perspective of expression function,the question of right and wrong is subdivided into true right and wrong question and false right and wrong question.For true right and wrong questions,according to the use of mood words,it is divided into mood words right and wrong questions and tone right and wrong questions.When analyzing the right and wrong of mood words,the concept of "certainty" is introduced,and the credibility of "吗" questions,"吧" questions,"啊" questions and other questions is analyzed in detail.The main analysis of false right and wrong questions is the use of "word negation" and "construction negation" in non-question sentences.Chapter IV,positive and negative alternative question.Using pragmatics and linguistic typology,the syntactic structure of positive and negative choice questions is analyzed in detail.Due to the small number of false questions,only 17 cases,they are not discussed separately.This section mainly analyzes "VP-neg-VP","VP-neg","K·VP" three forms of marked question,also focusing on the late Qing Dynasty Beijing official dialect "V-neg-VP" that does not appear in the left half of the province,and "K· The reason why VP" is widely distributed in textbooks.Chapter V,column item alternative question.This thesis focuses on the collocation of related words and mood words,and summarizes the reasons why"是A,还是B"replaces"是A,是B"to become a strong form.Using the focus theory,the semantic relationship between the selected limbs and the structural relationship between the focus of doubt were analyzed.Chapter IV,the concluding part.Summarizing the characteristics of interrogative sentences in Beijing Mandarin in the late Qing Dynasty,it is summarized that"the types of interrogative sentences are complete;The phenomenon of sentence blending is obvious;Interrogative pronouns and question numbers are gradually stereotyped;Mood words have transitional characteristics;The negative sentence constructed in the right and wrong interrogation sentence is a new sentence form in the late Qing Dynasty;’VP-neg-VP’has obvious tendency to lengthen the syllables of the selected limbs;’VP-neg-V’has the regional characteristics of Beijing official dialect;’VP没有’is the strong form of’VP-neg’in Beijing official dialect in the late Qing Dynasty;’是A,还是B’has great development potential;positive and negative questions and list questions show a distribution of’one trade-off and the other’in modern Chinese;and the distribution of true and false questions is unbalanced".Finally,the shortcomings of this article are pointed out.