Temporal And Spatial Distribution Of Flood And Drought Disasters In Shanxi During The Ming And Qing Dynasties And Their Impact On The People

Climate The study of disasters in the historical period not only deepens the understanding of the current natural environment,but also predicts the laws of future disaster changes.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the floods and droughts in Shanxi Province occurred frequently.Based on the collection of data on floods and droughts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,this paper used GIS and Excel software to make the spatial and temporal distribution,impacts and countermeasures of Shanxi’s floods and droughts during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Preliminary research hopes to provide a historical reference for disaster prevention and mitigation work in Shanxi today.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Time distribution characteristics: From the perspective of the distribution characteristics of the dynasty: with the change of the dynasty,the frequency of floods and droughts and the number of affected counties are on the rise,and the frequency of droughts is greater than that of floods.The increase of floods is greater than that of droughts.Judging from the interdecadal changes: the flood and drought disasters in Shanxi during the Ming and Qing Dynasties showed a volatility,and the floods and droughts were opposite each other.From the perspective of seasonal changes: floods are mainly concentrated in summer,followed by autumn;the time scale of drought is relatively large,mainly in single season,double-season drought,three-level continuous drought and four seasons of drought.(2)Spatial distribution characteristics: From the perspective of the prefecture-level administrative districts,the frequency of droughts in Shanxi Province during the Ming Dynasty was roughly the distribution pattern of “south high and low north”,while the floods were concentrated in the central,northern and southwestern parts of Shanxi Province;floods and droughts occurred during the Qing Dynasty The dispersion is mainly concentrated in the southern,central and western parts of Shanxi Province.The spatial distribution of floods and droughts in Shanxi Province during the Qing Dynasty was generally the same.From the perspective of county-level administrative regions,the drought in the Ming Dynasty declined from south to north,and the floods were mainly concentrated in the central counties;the spatial distribution of county-level administrative regions in the Qing Dynasty was roughly the same as that in the Ming Dynasty,and the spatial distribution of flood-affected counties was scattered.(3)This paper discusses the impact of flood and drought disasters from three aspects: food price change,population migration and population death: the occurrence trend of flood and drought disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is directly proportional to the price of food;in areas with frequent disasters,the probability of population migration is greater.Due to the different characteristics of floods and droughts,the impacts of floods and droughts on population deaths during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were different.(4)This paper analyzes the countermeasures of floods and droughts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the official response and the civil response: the official response is mainly the disaster-relief,that is,from the disaster preparedness before the disaster,the disaster and disaster disasters in the disaster,the release,the pardon and relief after the disaster,and the support Relief with the three aspects of rehabilitation;the civil response is mainly to set up porridge factories and other relief measures.