Study On The Civil Service Filling-up System Of The Ming Dynasty

Official shortage was a long-standing problem in the Ming Dynasty.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,the world was settled at the beginning of the year,and there were hundreds of wastes waiting to be revitalized.A large number of talents were lost,and the number of civil servants was scarce.The ruler established a chapter and established a system to recruit talents through various channels,sending a large number of officials to the dynasty.By the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the overall situation of official vacancies had been better.However,several emperors from Emperor Zhengtong to Emperor Zhengde believed in eunuchs,which gradually expanded the power of eunuchs and caused certain persecution of official groups,which led to frequent vacancies in some official positions.In the late Ming Dynasty,the emperor generally showed a state of passive neglect,often ignoring the imperial court and not filling up the official vacancies,leaving the government bureaucracy short.In the case of the emperor’s lazy affairs,the political struggle for the personnel rights of officials has intensified.Official resignations and non-recruitment have frequently occurred,and the problem of official shortage has gradually worsened.In order to solve the problem of official vacancies,the rulers of the Ming dynasty often explored,combined with the characteristics of different official groups,adopted different methods to fill vacancies,and explored multiple paths for filling official vacancies.Aiming at the shortage of Cabinet,nine central agencies,and local governors,Emperor Xuande gradually explored the method of filling the vacancies with " Conference election " and was finalized during the period of Emperor Hongzhi;the absence of Head of the Central Agency and Local officials was carried out by the Ministry of Officials The promotion of officials is the promotion of the ministry;the vacancies of the low-level office officials are uniformly filled by the ministry through conventional methods such as general elections and emergency elections;local civilian clerks such as the governor,the chief officials,the inspectorate officials,the heads of local government and the Supervising the vacancy.From Emperor Xuande to Emperor Chenghua,they explored the method of supplementing vacancies,but due to the insurmountable shortcomings of the guaranty law itself,it could not be implemented in the late Ming Dynasty.In addition,some important official positions,such as the cabinet,the official ministry,and the governor and governor,are often abbreviated and selected by the emperor.The special section officials have special functions and receive special attention from the rulers.After Emperor Tianshun,they gradually adopted officials.The ministry will fill the vacancies with the methods of selecting officials by the Inspectorate.In this way,the Ming Dynasty civil servants’ filling system was formed with clear and clear methods.Civil servant filling is a political matter that runs through the Ming Dynasty,and presents different situations at various stages of the Ming Dynasty.In the early Ming Dynasty,official vacancies were common.In order to maintain the dynasty that had just been established during the turmoil in the world,the rulers attached great importance to the filling of vacancies and recruited talents without appointment.However,the method of filling vacancies during this period was relatively simple,and most of them were filled by the emperor himself.In the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the political situation of the dynasty was basically stable.The rulers began to pay attention to exploring and adjusting methods for filling vacancies,and formed a complete system for filling vacancies for civilian officials.However,due to the changes in the political environment,the filling of vacancies has shown a new situation.The power to fill vacancies has been violated by eunuchs,and qualifications have gradually begun to be selected.During the Jiajing period,the ten-year-old " Great Ritual Controversy " opened the prelude to the rise and fall of the Ministry of Court.In the late Ming Dynasty,it was full of various political struggles.Political affairs,greed for pleasure,and the civil servants’ system for filling vacancies have been severely damaged and often difficult to operate,resulting in official stagnation and accumulation.The purpose of the civilian vacancy system is to deal with the problem of official vacancies in the Ming Dynasty,and it has multiple political functions.By filling the vacancy,the ruler organically integrates officials with the organization to improve the administrative efficiency of the organization,thereby maintaining the smooth operation of the country;the vacancy system is clear,and various types of officials fill in the order in an orderly manner,so that the bureaucracy is in a dynamic balance;the emperor is in the process of filling the vacancy Participation with senior officials such as Cabinet and the nine central agencies has enabled effective power distribution and checks and balances.The civilian vacancy system has greatly enhanced the political participation of officials and further consolidated the imperial power,but at the same time induced some corruption.On the whole,however,the system for filling vacancies was effective in the Ming Dynasty,and some of its methods and ideas were also used in the Qing Dynasty,which had a profound impact on later generations.