Reasonable Infraction: The Logic And Interaction Order Of Paid Tutoring For In-service Teachers

The marketization of education has become a phenomenon that cannot be ignored in education in modern society.The driving force behind it is the increasingly prominent position and elementary function of education in economic and social development.Driven by the institution and capital,the state,enterprises and individuals have continually invested in the education market and provided diversified educational products and services,among which the vigorous development of "shadow education" has attracted attention particularly.At the same time,moral condemnation and public opinion that attack on the behavior of in-service teachers earning money from private tutoring have arisen in the society,as well as the discussion like discourse of moral decline towards the group of teachers have been triggered.This kind of behavior among the teachers has been labeled as seeking personal profits.In the code of Professional Ethics for Teachers in Primary and Secondary Schools formulated by the Ministry of Education,the ban on "paid tutoring" is even more directly defined as a violation of teachers' ethics.However,the phenomenon of paid tutoring has not disappeared under the severe regulation.Instead,it has become increasingly popular in recent years.If paid tutoring is an immoral behavior of teachers who only seek personal gains,why do more and more parents want to request teachers for tutoring instead of choosing out-of-school educational institutions? According to the findings of field work,the paid tutoring behavior of teachers is permeated with strong feelings of self-morality,which is in conflict with the current view of moral decline of teachers.Therefore,the research studies this phenomenon around the paid tutoring behavior of in-service teachers,takes the whole generation process of tutoring as the entry point,pays attention to the interaction process between teachers,students and parents,and figures out how this process is embedded in the background of institution and market.The research refers to the concept of "trade order" of new economic sociology.To highlight the interactive relationship between different subjects,the concept of "trade order" is replaced by "interaction order",connecting institution and the market to establish a theoretical framework on individual economic action.The actors are embedded in the institution and the market,build a set of moral discourse of the self,and eventually to the formation of interactive order.The research is divided into five chapters.In the first chapter,the introduction describes the background,theoretical significance,research methods and the approach of this research.The second to the fourth chapter is the text part,which firstly describes and presents the whole process of paid tutoring from the appearance to the process as well as the interaction between teachers and students,secondly discusses the generation process of "moral discourse",how teachers use moral resources to form the logic of self-action and how the self-logic interact with the institution logic and the market logic.Finally the research analyses the formation of interactive order basis and how it influences and results in the various relations in the process of paid tutoring.The fifth chapter is the summary and discussion on the insufficiency and the direction of the future research as well as giving responses to the concepts of “moral discourse”,“moral economy” and “interaction order”.Based on the participatory observation,in-depth interviews of the space of paid tutoring and a large number of literature reading,this research draws the following conclusions: first,current talent selection and performance appraisal institution enable to spread the pressure downward vertically and diffuse transverse.It works with chaotic education market in the interaction process of the teachers,parents and students,becoming a tacit conspiracy of paid tutoring.Secondly,the group of teachers is embedded in the institution and the reality of the market,basing on the institution of wage inequality,the emotional and rational network as well as the sense of responsibility to the students to construct a set of "moral speech",which becomes the logic of teachers' choice and produces the order of interaction emotionally and morally.Thirdly,the operation of the interactive order depends on the extensive informal rules formed in the process of micro-level and the interaction between actors and the relational network,as well as the influence of institution and market of macro-level,maintaining and deepening the communication relationship in the tutoring space,and showing the interweaving state of morality and self-benefits.Fourthly,although the moral judgment of "violating the morality of teachers' group" under the institutional logic and the teachers' daily moral logic are in conflict with each other.However,the contradictory supervision attitude of the local government allows the two logics to run in parallel for a long time,which highlights the contradiction of morality under the institutional logic.Finally,this research in addition to reveal the formation of the paid tutoring and order of interaction in the process of formation and evolution,is also trying to combine the perspective of cultural analysis with moral analysis referring to the problem of economic action,responding to Durkheim in the sense of professional group of moral problems,and uses "interaction order" as to connect the individual economic behavior with social institution and economic structure.