Research On Shaanxi Baochang System And Groups In The Period Of Nanjing National Government

In 1933,with the official implementation of the Bao-Jia system(The neighborhood administrative system)in Shaanxi Province,the group of Baozhang(village head)was born.Baozhang is a key part of the Bao-Jia system,not only for the smooth implementation,but also on the government's good expectations for the consolidation of the grass-roots order.Along with the continuous improvement and development of Bao-Jia system in Shaanxi,the selection and training has gradually took on the path of normalization and orderliness from the previous disorder.Then,this group has begun to play its rightful role and made a difference at the grass-roots level.The outbreak of all-round anti-Japanese War and Shaanxi as the home front in northwest made the Bao-Jia system an important guarantee for the national government to mobilize human and material resources at the grassroots level.As a production of the Bao-Jia system and a bridge between the government and the people,the Baozhang group began to take more and more responsibilities and played an increasingly critical role in the grass-roots Society of Shaanxi Province.Baozhang's duties involved in all aspects of rural life,such as assisting the Government to compile and check household accounts,collect taxes and distribute troops,keeping the peace at the grass-roots level and catching criminals,which has had a certain positive influence.Apart from this,they also provided services for the people in the primary construction,trying to integrate the national Government's policies on management,teaching,raising and health into the countryside to re-construct the countryside.However,due to the outbreak of the civil war on a full scale and the National government's attempts to further strengthen control over the countryside,the Bazhang group has gradually got an awkward situation.On the one hand,as the grassroots official executor under the management of the government,the Baozhang needed to cooperate with the government,completed the government decree in order to maintain the stability of the regime,and provided the necessary manpower and material resources for the national government to start the civil war.On the other hand,the rural economy was fragile during the period of the Republic of China(1912-1949),and the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan and the all-round civil war put the rural economy in a more difficult situation,But a lot of manpower and material resources are required in the war,so the endless plunder undoubtedly aroused the dissatisfaction and anger of the grass-roots people.And the Baozhang would take responsibility for people's behavior triggered by anger.This made the Baozhang had to think twice and they could not excessively sacrifice a lot only to meet the requirements of the government.Therefore,in the face of unreasonable government decrees,the Baozhang would stand with the people to safeguard local interests.And refusing to carry out the government's order would naturally cause the dissatisfaction of the government,which made the Baozhang awkwardly caught between the people and the government.The root of all this was caused by the Bao-Jia system,the end of the Anti-Japanese War did not alleviate all this.The political,military and economic failure of the National Government made the social order unstable,and the embarrassing situation of the Baozhang could only continue.With the end of the national government's rule on the mainland in 1949,the Bao-Jia system collapsed and failed in the mainland.As the derivatives of Bao-Jia system,the tragedy of Baozhang group seemed to be inevitable.