Impact Of Land Use/Cover Change On Ecosystem Services In The Surrounding Area Of Japan Sea

Understanding and studying the impact of Land Use / Cover Change on Ecosystem Services plays an important role in protecting biodiversity,alleviating ecological pressure,improving human well-being and promoting regional sustainable development.Japan Sea is the high seas and the largest marginal sea in the Northwest Pacific.China,Japan,South Korea,North Korea and Russia are directly facing the Japan Sea,which is rich in natural resources.The surrounding area of Japan Sea is where the interests of great powers converge,and has the geo strategic significance of edge,bridge and buffer.In recent years,with the rapid increase of the global population and the construction of the economic circle around the Japan Sea,the surrounding area of Japan Sea has experienced dramatic Land Use / Cover Changes,which has caused serious negative impacts on the ecological environment and posed a serious threat to the regional sustainable development.In this paper,the Land Use / Cover types in the surrounding area of Japan Sea in1992,2000,2010 and 2018 were quantified on the regional and national scales.The land use transfer matrix and landscape pattern index were used to analyze the spatial pattern changes of Land Use / Cover in the study area.On this basis,In VEST(integrated valuation of environment services and tradeoffs)model was used to simulate the two key ecosystem services including habitat quality and carbon sequestration in the study area,and the temporal and spatial patterns of the two key ecosystem services were analyzed.Finally,the impact of Land Use / Cover Change on Ecosystem Services was evaluated at multiple scales.The results show that:(1)Forest land is the main Land Use / Cover type in the region,mainly distributed in the Far East of Russia,Xiaoxing'an Mountains and Changbai Mountains of China,eastern plateau of Korean Peninsula and mountainous areas of Japan.On the national scale,the main land use types of China side,North Korea side and South Korea side are woodland and cultivated land,while the woodland of Japan side and Russia side are the most important land use types.From 1992 to 2018,forest land,grassland and unused land decreased,while cities,cultivated land,wetlands and water increased.The decrease of woodland is the largest,and the increase of urban area is the largest.On the national scale,the area of land cover change in China is the largest,while that in Russia is the least.The grassland on side of China decreased more,and the cultivated land and cities increased significantly.Grassland is mainly converted to farmland and woodland,mainly distributed in Heihe City,Jiamusi City,Baicheng City,Tonghua City and Fuxin city.Cultivated land is mainly transferred from woodland,mainly around the original cultivated land.The main transfer type of urban expansion is cultivated land,which is concentrated around the three provincial capitals.Other cities around Changchun and Shenyang also have obvious expansion.Both North Korea and South Korea show the phenomenon of forest land decrease and cultivated land increase.Woodland mainly turned into cultivated land,mainly distributed in North and South gyeongshang road of South Korea,and distributed in all parts of North Korea.Japan's cities have expanded dramatically,and the woodland and cultivated land have decreased significantly.The main transfer type of urban expansion is cultivated land,which is concentrated in Tokyo Metropolitan Area and Nagoya metropolitan area.Woodland mainly turned into cultivated land,while the decrease of cultivated land mainly turned into cities.The overall change of Russia is small,the woodland is mainly converted to grassland and wetland,mainly distributed in the northeast of Khabarovsk.The degree of landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity is the highest in South Korea,and the lowest in Russia.The landscape shape of China side and North Korea side is more complex.The connectivity of Land Use / Cover types is the highest in China and the lowest in North Korea.North Korea has the most abundant land use types.From 1992 to 2018,landscape fragmentation increased,landscape heterogeneity increased,connectivity weakened,complexity and richness enhanced.(2)In 2018,the habitat quality of the whole region was 0.684.The habitat quality of China,North Korea,South Korea,Japan and Russia were 0.560,0.640,0.554,0.652 and 0.810,respectively,with the highest in Russia and the lowest in South Korea.The high value areas of habitat quality are scattered in Russia,China Russia border,China Korea border,northeast of Korean Peninsula and Japan.These areas are mainly forests,wetlands and water bodies.The low value areas are scattered in the Northeast Plain of China,the coastal area on the west side of Korean Peninsula and the whole area on the side of Japan.These areas are mainly urban,cultivated land and other seriously damaged areas.From 1992 to 2018,the habitat quality of the whole region showed a downward trend,with the South Korean side falling the fastest and the Russian side the slowest.Habitat quality on both sides of China and North Korea declined the fastest from 1992 to 2000,while that on both sides of South Korea and Japan declined the fastest from 2000 to 2010.In 2018,the total carbon reserves of the whole region were 48.177 billion tons.The total carbon reserves of China,North Korea,South Korea,Japan and Russia were10.997 billion tons,2.218 billion tons,1.493 billion tons,8.121 billion tons and25.325 billion tons respectively,with the highest on the Russian side and the lowest on the South Korean side.The high value area of total carbon storage is located in the eastern wetland concentrated area of Russia.The low value areas of total carbon storage are distributed in the Northeast Plain of China,the western and southern coasts of Korean Peninsula,and the eastern coast of Japan,which are also the concentrated distribution areas of cities and cultivated land.From 1992 to 2018,the total carbon storage of the whole region showed a downward trend,with the fastest decline on the South Korean side and the slowest on the Russian side.The total carbon reserves of China,Korea,South Korea,Japan and Russia declined the fastest in 1992-2000.(3)Land Use / Cover Change leads to the continuous decline of habitat quality,which is mainly due to the occupation of cultivated land and natural habitat by urban expansion,the felling of woodland,the reclamation of grassland and wetland by cultivated land expansion.Land Use / Cover Change has resulted in the continuous reduction of total carbon storage.Deforestation and wetland occupation are the main reasons for the decline of carbon sequestration capacity.