The Introspection On The Idea About "Freiheit" Of Pre-Qin Confucianism

The concept of "Freiheit" has been a common topic since ancient Greece.As a representative of the struggle against fatalism,"Freiheit" has been closely related to human initiative since the beginning.Through the development of western modern philosophy and the attention of modern philosophy,"Freiheit" has gradually improved its subjective significance and turned to the connotation of political rights,that is,the tendency from ontology to political philosophy.However,as a conceptual model of western thought,"Freiheit" has always been a puzzle faced by the whole society in modern China,and also a challenge that has to be met."Freiheit" raises two questions about Chinese traditional civilization—one is whether Chinese traditional culture is backward compared with the West,and the other is whether Chinese traditional culture can carry out modern transformation.This study selects the mainstream culture of Chinese traditional civilization—Pre-Qin Confucianism,as the scope of discussion,around the concept of "Freiheit" to start a review,trying to respond to questions and summarize the answer,for the stability of a century of cultural debate.Based on the literature and historical materials,this study systematically established the concept system of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucianism and highlighted its main characteristics by using the methods of logical and historical unification,the combination of exegesis and interpretation,and comparative research.First of all,according to the formation process of the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucianism,it is affirmed that the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucianism originated from the cultural turn of Yin and Zhou Dynasties,which changed from "God Oriented" to "Human Oriented".After the establishment of human subject status in Zhouyi,Confucius advocated the origin of Confucianism,understood the subjectivity represented by "Freiheit" and the scope realization as a whole process,and constructed the four levels of the concept system of "Freiheit",namely,freedom of consciousness,freedom of conscience,liberty of politics and "Freiheit" of authenticity.On this basis,Zengzi emphasized the process from the freedom of consciousness to the liberty of politics.The concept of "Freiheit" of Zisi and Mencius mainly revolved around transcendental morality and the problem of "body and mind".Xunzi’s concept of "Freiheit" focused on "Rites",which further deepened the discussion of the liberty of politics.Secondly,this study highlights the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucianism’s distinctive features by comparing it with the main schools at home and abroad,and shows the independence under the dual ontology thinking and the essence connotation of unity.At the same time,it is revealed that the feudal dross such as harshness and excessive awe to the ontology of existence,finally finishing the "sublation" of the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian.Finally,based on modern transformation of Confucianism,this research illustrates its influence on modern Neo-Confucianism and modern western liberal thought,and emphasizes the development of political philosophy around the concepts of "Ren","Moral" and "Jun-Zi".In addition,this study creatively combines the contemporary Chinese Marxist view of "Freiheit" and the construction of ethics and morals,and from the perspective of socialist core values puts forward the practice principles of advocating humanism,justice and obligation.The characteristics and ideas of this paper are as follows: First,transcending linear thinking,"small topic,big discussion",distinguishing the ancient and the modern,both in China and the West.In this paper,the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian is compared with Mohfa Taoism,later traditional Confucianism and modern Neo-Confucianism view of "Freiheit".On the outside,the author studies the similarities and differences between the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian,the western traditional view of "Freiheit",the Marxist view of liberty and the modern western view of liberty.Secondly,"Freiheit" is compared with Mohism,Legalism and Taoism,and the salient characteristics of its "Harmony","Virtue" and "Rites" are summarized.On this basis,the theoretical position of the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian in the Confucian theory and the history of Chinese ethical thoughts is determined.Thirdly,by comparing the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian with Marx’s and the modern western view of liberty,we can understand its advantages and disadvantages,reveal its essence and dregs,and finally realize its "sublation".Fourthly,based on the standpoint of modernization of Confucianism,this paper discusses the modern and contemporary significance of this concept from different aspects,such as the concept of "Freiheit" of Pre-Qin Confucian,the modern Neo-Confucianism,the modern western view of liberty and the contemporary Chinese Marxist view of "Freiheit".