Practice Stabilization And Correction With Underestimated Effects

Underconfidence With Practice Effect(UWP effect)refers to the phenomenon that learners tend to underestimate their prediction of memory performance with the increase of learning times during repeated learning,and their judgment value of learning degree is significantly lower than that of recall performance,resulting in a decline in the absolute accuracy of learning degree judgment.Judgement of learning(JOL)is a form of memory monitoring,which is a predictive judgment of the extraction effect of learned items in later memory tests.Since put forward the concept of UWP effect,the researchers dedicated to UWP effect on the study of the influencing factors and mechanism,combined with previous research results can be found UWP effect has strong stability,but about the word on relevance to the effect on the stability of the UWP effect is controversial,and previous studies mostly use adults as subjects.No studies have systematically examined the effect of age on the stability of UWP effects.At the same time,the robust stability of the UWP,this effect has a negative impact on learning activities.In this study,the correction of UWP effect was attempted.Study 1 consisted of two experiments.In Experiment 1,21-year-old undergraduates had learned the related and unrelated word paris for three times.The results showed that UWP effect occurred in both related word pairs and unrelated word pairs,indicating that word pair correlation did not affect the stability of UWP effect in college students.In Experiment 2,11-year-old students,14-year-old students,17-year-old students and21-year-old college students were used as subjects,and related word pairs and unrelated word pairs were used as materials.The subjects repeated the learning and test for three times too.The results showed that: Under different materials,the performance of UWP effect in different age subjects was different.There was no UWP effect at the eage of 11,and at the age of 14,the UWP effect began to occur.At 14 and 17 years old,the UWP effect was only observed in the related word pairs.Memory monitoring ability and material difficulty affect the generation of UWP effect.Study 2 consisted of two experiments,which attempted to correct the UWP effect from two dimensions: external cues and internal(memory)cues based on the cue-utilization model.In Experiment 3,college students were asked to repeat the learning test three times using related word pairs and unrelated word pairs,and the metacognitive knowledge cues were added before the second and third round of learning to investigate whether the metacognitive knowledge cues could correct the UWP effect effectively.The results showed that metacognitive knowledge cue improved the JOL value and the absolute accuracy of JOL in repeated learning,and played a certain correction role in UWP effect.In Experiment 4,the participants were asked to repeat the learning test three times using relevant word pairs and unrelated word pairs.In each round of cue-recall test,the participants were added with correct and false feedback to investigate whether the correct effect of correct and false feedback on UWP effect was effective.The results show that the correct and false feedback correct the UWP effect to some extent.The conclusions are as follows:(1)Word pair correlation did not affect the stability of UWP effect.UWP effect did not exist in all age subjects of different materials.The subjects had no UWP effect at the age of 11,and began to produce UWP effect at the age of 14.At 14 and 17 years old,the UWP effect was observed only in pairs of related words.The monitor ability of memory and material difficulty are the factors that affect UWP effect.(2)Metacognitive knowledge cue improves the judgment value of learning degree,enhances the sensitivity of learners to external cues in repeated learning,improves the absolute accuracy of JOL,and plays a certain correction role in UWP effect.(3)The correct and false feedback improves the absolute accuracy of learning degree judgment and plays a certain role in correcting UWP effect.