Research On Quota Allocation Of Renewable Portfolio Standards Under Carbon Peaking And Carbon Neutrality

To implement China’s major strategic decisions on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,the central government timely promotes the Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS),and achieves the goal of ensuring national energy security and accelerating the construction of a clean,low-carbon,safe and efficient energy system by establishing a binding mechanism for the utilization level of renewable electricity.In the context of the implementation of the RPS,optimizing China’s renewable electricity consumption guarantee mechanism and scientifically designing the consumption responsibilities of obligatory subjects can not only strengthen the institutional constraints of China’s RPS and improve its institutional performance level,but also contribute to the formation of a long-term development mechanism led by renewable electricity consumption,which is of great significance for promoting China’s energy production and consumption revolution.Based on the above background,this paper studies the design and impact of RPS quota allocation in China.Firstly,this paper describes the key elements and operational mechanisms of China’s renewable electricity consumption and security mechanism in details.Secondly,based on the naturally formed Stackelberg game relationship between the central government and local governments when allocating RPS quotas,a RPS quota allocation model based on the bi-level programming is constructed,and this paper applies the particle swarm optimization algorithm to demonstrate the model.Finally,on the one hand,this paper summarizes the geographical distribution characteristics of the optimized RPS quota allocation scheme and the internal logic of its formation.On the other hand,this paper compares the optimized scheme with the existing issued scheme from the perspective of energy-economy-environment and equity,thus exploring the policy implementation effect of RPS quota allocation.The research results show that:(1)The impact of transmission capacity,economic development,resource endowment,and historical responsibilities on the difference in renewable electricity consumption capacity among provinces is decreasing in order,which not only indicates that the trans-regional transmission channel construction has been an important way to cope with the separation of the energy resource center and energy load center in China,but also reflects the convergence of historical responsibility among provinces,and local governments and electricity producers have strengthened their emphasis on renewable electricity generation.(2)The optimized quota allocation scheme that takes into account the provincial heterogeneity and stakeholder gaming has increased the quota of most China’s provinces comparing with the government’s issued scheme,and generally presents the characteristics of "high in the east and north,low in the west and south" and sharing to provinces with developed economies and complete transmission facilities in the eastern costal region.Besides,Tradable Green Certificates System(TGCs)is an important complementary way to assist provinces lacking renewable energy resources in fulfilling their quota obligations.(3)The optimized quota allocation scheme achieves the optimal allocation of renewable energy resources,which helps the RPS to improve economic performance and has a positive impact on energy,economy and environment.Specifically,the total renewable electricity consumption has significantly increased and the power structure has been optimized,the economic benefits of renewable electricity producers have been improved,the cost of environmental pollution has been reduced and the ecological benefits have been significantly improved.(4)Due to the influence of heterogeneous energy resources endowments among provinces,there is inequality in quota allocation.However,TGCs enables quota obligations to be shared in provinces lacking renewable energy resources,which to some extent alleviates the issued scheme’s inequality.