Preparation Of Palm Oil And Palm Kernel Oil Alternative Fuels And The Biological Effects Of Exhaust Gas

The excessive use of fossil fuels has caused energy shortages,a surge in carbon emissions and environmental pollution.Low carbon alcohols are considered to be highly promising carbon neutral fuels and energy carriers,but due to their poor self-ignition and low calorific value,they are difficult to use directly in existing diesel engines alone.In this study,low carbon alcohols were blended with palm oil(PO)/palm kernel oil(PKO)to produce a biofuel that can be used in diesel engines without additional energy consumption and engine modifications.In this study,five co-solvents with a bioproduction background including tetrahydrofuran(THF),polymethoxydimethyl ether(PODE)and three butanol isomers were selected to modulate the stability of the fuel system.The solubilisation patterns of PO/PKO and low carbon alcohols at different ratios and temperatures were explored and the solubilisation capacities of the five co-solvents were compared.Microscopic observations,ternary phase diagrams and particle size measurements were used to characterise the phase behaviour and elucidate the stability mechanism of the microemulsion biofuel system.Important properties such as density,kinematic viscosity and corrosiveness of the blended biofuels were also investigated.The results show that THF has the best co-solvent effect and the strongest kinematic viscosity adjustment;n-butanol has the strongest density adjustment effect on ternary blended fuels;PODE is more suitable for co-solventing ethanol-containing ternary systems at 25°C and 35°C;palm kernel oil has a stronger affinity with low carbon alcohols than palm oil;in the base systems with 5:5 and 1:9palm oil/palm kernel oil to low carbon alcohol ratios,the use of PODE as a co-solvent results in a corrosive fuel blend.This not only provides a valuable approach to the preparation of carbon neutral fuels in diesel engines,but also provides a basis for the application of biofuels in diesel engines.In order to explore the effects of the characteristic exhaust gases of the new hybrid fuel system on the respiratory and immune systems,this study explored the toxic effects of methanol,ethanol and formaldehyde on human lung cancer epithelial cells(A549)and mouse macrophages(RAW264.7)as well as the combined toxic effects of methanol/ethanol and formaldehyde using methanol,ethanol and formaldehyde as representative characteristic pollutants.The results showed that formaldehyde had the strongest effect on cell morphology and cell proliferation viability,followed by methanol,and ethanol had the weakest effect on cell morphology.The combined toxicity was stronger in A549 cells than in both cells alone,and the combined toxicity in RAW264.7 cells decreased as the proportion of methanol decreased.The effect of methanol on membrane damage was stronger in RAW264.7 cells,and the effect of combined toxicity on membrane damage was weaker than that of single component toxicity.In the rest of the experimental co-dyeing systems,the effect of co-dyeing on cell membrane damage was stronger than that of single component dyeing.This will provide some guidance for future combustion methods and fuel ratios of ternary blended alternative fuels.