| Objectives:Based on the frontier thinking of positive aging,this study aims to define the concept of successful aging at the individual level,qualitatively identify the influencing factors of successful aging for individual elderly people based on Bourdieu’s theory of social practice,revise the previous tools for measuring successful aging,implement a questionnaire survey and verify the interrelationship between influencing factors and successful aging for individual elderly people.By revising the previous successful aging measurement tools and implementing questionnaires to verify the interrelationships between the influencing factors and individual successful aging,this study expands the scope of the relevant theories and practice areas,and provides evidence references and Kang Yang policy recommendations to improve the level of individual successful aging among the elderly.Methods:(1)Literature method.A literature search was conducted through several literature databases to systematically review and sort out domestic and international studies on successful aging of individuals,mainly includes the historical evolution and comparison of the concept of aging in the international context,the evolution and development of the concept of successful aging,the conceptual model,and the influencing factors;(2)Atomic mapping method.Combined with the literature method,the concepts of successful aging were collected,summarized from the three aspects of the proposer,concepts and mental image words,and the mental image words were statistically analyzed according to the semantic and linguistic rules to draw an atomic map of the concept of"successful aging"and define the concept of successful aging;(3)Grounded theory method.Using semi-structured qualitative interviews,this study conducted in-depth one-on-one interviews with 17 older adults,coded the obtained textual data at three levels,abstractly condensed the conceptual dimensions of individual successful aging,and combined with Bourdieu’s theory of social practice to construct a theoretical model of conceptual dimensions and influencing factors of individual successful aging;(4)Questionnaire method.A revised individual successful ageing questionnaire was used in this study and 293valid questionnaires were collected;(5)Mathematical and statistical methods.The reliability of the questionnaire was tested using split-half reliability coefficient,Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and combined reliability CR value;the structural validity of the questionnaire was tested jointly using exploratory factor analysis and validation factor analysis;Descriptive statistics were used to describe the current status of individual successful aging scores;The t-test or ANOVA were used to analyze the differences in successful aging among individuals with different demographic characteristics;Spearman and Pearson correlations and regression models were used to test the influence of"capital factors"and"habitual factors"on successful aging.Results:(1)Conceptual definition of successful aging.The atomic mapping method was used to define the concept of successful aging:successful aging is a multidimensional concept that refers to the overall state in which individuals maintain good physical and mental health,social adaptation,and functional status(e.g.,state of mind,cognitive status,resilience status)through the aging process,actively adapt and participate in social life even when suffering from some disease,and feel satisfied and happy with their individual and family;(2)Conceptual dimensions and influencing factors of successful aging under the rooted research.The conceptual dimensions include:physical and mental health and functioning,social relationship and comparison,family intergenerational relations,life and environmental adaptation,personal progress and values,and economic security and autonomy,and the influencing factors include:general demographic characteristics,capital factors(economic capital,cultural capital,and social capital),and habitual factors(cultural values,attitudes toward aging,and health and behavioral lifestyles);(3)Composition of the questionnaire and reliability and validity.The revised individual successful aging questionnaire mainly contains five dimensions:physical and mental health and functioning,social relationship and comparison,family relations and life satisfaction,personal progress and values,and economic life and security;The overall reliability Cronbach’s alpha coefficient greater than 0.9,cumulative variance contribution of common factors greater than 65%,split-half reliability coefficient greater than 0.9,combined reliability of each dimension greater than 0.7,and convergent The validity and discriminant validity of each index are good;(4)The current status of individual successful aging.The level of individual successful aging is at a moderate to high level,and the dimensions are social relationship and comparison,family relations and life satisfaction,economic life and security,personal progress and values,and physical and mental health and functioning,respectively,according to the mean score of the entries from highest to lowest;(5)One-way ANOVA results.The results showed significant differences in the total successful aging scores of older adults with different marital status,residence patterns,care for grandchildren,and types of chronic disease illnesses among the general demographic characteristics,different monthly income,smartphone use,and activity participation among the capital factors,and different fertility attitudes,male and female attitudes,filial attitudes,family attitudes,and aging attitudes among the habitual factors(P<0.05);(6)Results of stratified linear regression analysis.By comparing the changes of△R~2values in each stratum,it was found that:The explanatory power of capital factors and habitual factors on individuals’successful aging was 22.4%and 24.8%,respectively;capital factors had greater explanatory power in the social relationship and comparison dimension,personal progress and values dimension,and economic life and security dimension of individual successful aging,and habitual factors had the greater explanatory power in the physical and mental health and functioning,and family relations and life satisfaction dimensions of individual successful aging.Conclusions:(1)This study provides a clear scientific definition of the concept of successful aging;Based on the grounded theory method,the individual successful aging questionnaire was formed and revised;(2)This study found that the level of successful aging of the elderly individuals is in the middle to upper level,with higher scores in the dimensions of"social relationship and comparison"and"family relationship and life satisfaction",and the lowest scores in the dimension of"physical and mental health and functioning";(3)Capital factors(economic capital,cultural capital,and social capital)and habitual factors(cultural values,attitudes toward aging,and health and behavioral lifestyles)had significant effects on individuals’successful aging levels;Capital factors having the greatest explanatory power in the social relationship and comparison,personal progress and values,and economic life and security dimensions,and habitual factors having the greatest explanatory power in the physical and mental health and functioning,and family relationship and life satisfaction dimensions;(4)The promotion of individual successful aging should follow the value needs of the elderly themselves,and organically design and combine multiple specific fields and different elements in which the elderly live in order to effectively promote the elderly to achieve individual successful aging. |
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