| Purpose:Long working hours refer to the phenomenon of overtime working beyond the legal working hours,which is common and prevails specially in developed areas in China.Continuous long working hours can result in serious consequences,both physically and psychologically,such as occupational tension and depressive symptoms caused by express delivery workers.This study aims to explore the distribution status and coping level of long-term working hours exposure,occupational stress and depressive symptoms of couriers in Zhejiang Province through a cross-sectional study,and analyzes the association between long working hours and them,so as to provide a basis for protecting the occupational health of couriers and improving their mental health.Methods:In this study,from September 2021 to March 2022,in Hangzhou,Ningbo,Jiaxing and Taizhou,the whole sampling method was adopted,and all couriers in each express delivery network in a certain area were randomly selected among 30 large,medium and small mainstream express transportation companies as the survey subjects,and the questionnaire was filled in online by scanning QR codes on site.The questionnaires included the General Condition Survey,the Working Hours and Work System Survey,the Core Occupational Stress Measurement Scale(COSS),the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)and the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire(TCSQ),which assessed the general demographic characteristics and working hours system,occupational stress,depressive symptoms,and coping style level of the respondents,respectively.A total of 1300 questionnaires were sent,and 1254 valid questionnaires were finally recovered,with an effective recovery rate of 96.5%.Occupational stress scores,depressive symptom scores and coping style scores did not conform to the normal distribution,using median and quartile descriptions,two independent samples of Mann-Whitney U test,multiple independent samples of Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparative analysis,linear regression analysis to explore the effects of long working hours on occupational stress,coping style,and depressive symptoms of couriers.The confirmatory factor analysis of the structural equation model was used to establish a causal correlation model between long working hours and occupational stress,coping style and depressive symptoms of couriers,and based on the mediating effect of Bootstrap,the mediating effect of occupational tension and coping style on the depressive symptoms of couriers was analyzed.Results:1.Among the 1254 couriers surveyed in Zhejiang Province,89.6%were detected in long working hours(40 hours per week),with an average daily working time of(10.42±2.52)hours and an average weekly working time of(64.19±19.38)hours.There were significant differences in the detection rate of moderate-intensity exercise of at least 30 minutes by gender,age,education level,average monthly income,job title or position,shift work,smoking and drinking,and duration of at least 30 minutes(P<0.05).2.The total scores in M(P25,P75)of occupational stress was 45(37,52),with scores in different dimensions:17(14,19)points for social support,15(12,18)points for organization and return,and 1 point for demand and effort.3.The score in M(P25,P75)of depression symptoms of express delivery practitioners was 7(3,10).There were statistically significant differences in the level of depressive symptoms among different age,sex,education level,average monthly income,marital status,weekly working hours,length of service,whether smoking and drinking,and whether moderate and high intensity exercise lasted at least 30 minutes(P<0.05).The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 25.0%,and there was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of depressive symptoms in different degrees among the express delivery employees who had sex,age,education level,average monthly income,marital status,length of service,position or position,shift,smoking and drinking,and moderate and high intensity exercise lasting at least 30 minutes(P<0.05).4.The score in M(P25,P75)of positive coping style of express employees is 30(25,36),negative coping style is 23(20,29),and idiosyncratic coping style is 6(-2,13).There were statistically significant differences in coping style scores between different genders,education levels,marital status,average monthly income,working hours per week,length of service,position or position,shift,smoking and drinking,and moderate and high intensity exercise lasting at least 30 minutes(P<0.05).A total of 655 people,accounting for 52.3%,mainly used positive coping styles(positive trait coping styles),and 399 people,accounting for 31.8%,mainly used negative coping styles(negative trait coping styles).There were statistically significant differences in the coping styles of express delivery employees in terms of gender,education level,marital status,working hours,length of service,shift,smoking and drinking,and moderate and high intensity exercise lasting at least 30 minutes(P<0.05).5.Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that working hours and negative coping styles were risk factors for depressive symptoms(β=0.064,β=0.037,P<0.05),the dimensions of organization and reward,demand and pay in occupational stress are risk factors for depressive symptoms(β=0.096,β=0.278,P<0.05),social support,autonomy dimension and positive coping style in occupational stress are protective factors of depression(β=-0.143,-0.183,β=-0.269,P<0.05).6.The fitting index of the structural equation model of working hours and depressive symptoms:goodness of fit index GFI,adjusted goodness of fit index AGFI,relative fitting index NFI,comparative fitness index CFI,incremental fitting index IFI are all greater than 0.9,and the approximate root mean square error RMSEA,standardized residual mean square and square root SRMR are all within 0.08,indicating that the fitting of the model is good,It can reflect the effect of working hours on the depression symptoms of express delivery employees(χ2=536.164,χ2/df=1.652,P<0.001).7.Convergence validity results show that the constituent reliability values of occupational stress,coping style and depression symptoms are above 0.8,indicating that the topic has acceptable convergence validity.8.The results of differential validity showed that the square root of AVE of occupational stress,coping style and depression symptoms(all greater than their correlation coefficients),indicating that the differential validity among the four research variables was good.9.The mediating effect of occupational stress and negative coping style on the influence of working hours on the depression symptoms of express employees was significant(P<0.05).Conclusions:1.In this study,the detection rate of long working hours of express delivery employees in Zhejiang Province surveyed from September 2021 to March 2022 was 89.6%(1124/1254);The detection rate of occupational stress was 33.4%(419/1254),the detection rate of depressive symptoms was 25.0%(314/1254),the detection rate of positive coping style was 52.3%(655/1254),and the detection rate of negative coping style was 31.8%(399/1254).The detection rate of long working hours,occupational stress and depressive symptoms among express delivery employees in Zhejiang Province is high and needs to be improved.2.There is a significant correlation between long working hours,occupational stress,coping style and depressive symptoms of express delivery employees.Long working hours,occupational stress,negative coping styles were positively correlated with depressive symptoms,while positive coping styles were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms.3.Long working hours have a direct impact on the depression of express delivery employees.Occupational stress and positive coping styles play a mediating role between long working hours and depressive symptoms,while negative coping styles have no significant impact on the mediating role between long working hours and depressive symptoms. |
PDF Full Text Request