Study On Usage Pattern Of Burying Bronze Gu And Jue From Shang To Western Zhou Dynasty

Unlike the Zhou,who emphasized food,the Shang were wine lovers,and their esteem for wine vessels can be traced back to the Xia.After the destruction of Xia by the Shang dynasty,the Shang developed a bronze ritual vessel based on the Xia bronze ritual vessels usage pattern,with bronze Jue and Gu as the core,and continued until the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty.In the early Shang period,the combination of bronze ritual vessels was dominated by the Jue/Jia or Jue/Jia/Gu,and the Jue and Gu was not equally configured and placed in a confusing position.The characteristics of equal configuration of the Jue and Gu began to sprout in the Baijiazhuang period,and became popular in the late Huayuanzhuang period,when the system of distinguishing tomb owners by the number of sets of the Jue and Gu gradually took shape.The bronze Jue and Gu were found in Zhengzhou Shang city and Panlong city,and the use of bronze Jue and Gu in Panlong city was obviously stricter than in Zhengzhou Shang city,while in other areas they were found sporadically.During the Late Shang period,the number of the Jue and Gu increased dramatically,and the configuration of the Jue and Gu in equal quantities occupied the mainstream,and the number of sets of the Jue and Gu corresponded strictly to the level of the tomb owner.When multiple sets of the Jue and Gu are buried,if the number of sets of Jue and Gu is even,most of the Jue and Gu are of the same shape;if they are odd,they can usually be divided into two types,also known as the phenomenon of Jue and Gu grouping.The Jue and Gu are placed centrally,and there are also differences in their placement relative to the tomb owner in different periods.From the usage pattern of the bronze Jue and Gu,it can be seen that the distribution of Shang culture in the Late Shang period can be divided into three levels,which are close to the distribution of concentric circles.Anyang is the absolute center,and the secondary center is dominated by tomb with 1 Jue and 1 Gu,which is more strictly used.The rest of the Shang culture distribution area is the peripheral area,with significantly higher burial levels,a larger number of buried bronze Jue and Gu,and a more pronounced centrifugal tendency.During the Western Zhou period,due to the Zhou’s policy of tolerance towards the adherents of Yin,combinations of bronze Jue and Gu can still be seen in the burials of adherents of Yin.The relative position of the bronze Jue declined,but it is still at the core of the group of wine vessels.The combination of the bronze ritual vessels is dominated by the combination of the Jue and Zhi,with the combination of 2 Jue and 1 Zhi,1 Jue and 1Zhi.The number of bronze Gu is rapidly decreasing.The combination of 1 Jue and 1 Gu,1 Jue and 1 Zhi can be seen in some tombs,showing the coexistence of Shang and Zhou cultural elements.The use of bronze Jue and Gu also differs from region to region.The usage pattern of bronze ritual vessels in Liulihe cemetery,Qucun cemetery and Pingdingshan cemetery is basically the same as that in the central area.Yejiashan cemetery and Qianzhangda cemetery,on the other hand,show obvious local characteristics.After the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty,the usage pattern of bronze Jue and Gu gradually died out,and only sporadic discoveries of bronze burial Jue and Gu were found.