| After the Russo-Japanese War,on the basis of inheriting and receiving the Middle East Railway occupied by Tsarist Russia and its affiliated areas to the south of Changchun,Japan maliciously misinterpreted the term “railway land” in the treaty as a “railway dependency”.By means of coercion,occupation,merger,commercial rent and other means,Japan arbitrarily expanded the railway land,and established the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas that completely excluded China ’s sovereignty along more than 1200 km of the railway from Dalian to Changchun in the south of the Northeast China,Shenyang to Andong,Yingkou,Yantai,Fushun,Liushutun and so on.Japan regarded the administrative power,police power and garrison power in railway land as legitimate and invaded the health management power of local governments in Northeast China.During 1906 to 1919,Japanese health management agencies were established,including the Resident Citizens’ Association,the Health Association,the Kwantung Governor’s Office of Police and branch offices,postmasters,the Department of Managers,the Health Division of the Local Department of the South Manchurian Railway Company,and the local offices and their stations.Japan also set up the health auxiliary systems,such as the public expense system,the local committee,the advisory committee,the district chiefs and other health support systems and institutions,and arranged Chinese gentry and merchants to serve as advisory committee members,consultants,consultants and other honorary positions to act as secret agents and obtain information.After the establishment of health management institutions,health management regulations were gradually promulgated to implement health construction.The main focus was medical and health construction,with the establishment of the South Manchurian Railway Company Hospital and public health service system,the management of medical personnel such as matrons,nurses and doctors,the organisation of infectious disease control and quarantine activities,and the management of opium and morphine.In terms of environmental sanitation construction,daily environmental cleanliness such as road cleaning,rubbish removal and faecal management was carried out,funeral facilities such as cemeteries,crematoriums and funeral parlours were established,and sanitation of the school,railway and workshop was improved.The construction of food hygiene included the establishment of water and sewerage systems and water quality testing,and the promulgation of sanitary control measures for slaughterhouses,vegetable markets,pubs and other food and beverage business premises.In the end,a health system that lacked a stage of sustainable development,unbalanced regional development,uneven health construction,and inconsistent health management system was formed,and the effectiveness of health construction was limited.The essence of the sanitary construction in the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas was to provide a more comfortable,convenient and hygienic living environment for the Japanese immigrants so as to build a barrier to protect them;to assist Japanese political,cultural and military aggression;to create a "demonstration" effect in the annexes and to act as a weapon to domesticate the Chinese,which was the same objective as Japan’s sanitary construction in Taiwan,both of them were aimed to strengthen colonial rule.Moreover,as the Japanese administration of the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas was based on the experience of colonial rule in Taiwan,a significant number of colonial bureaucrats in the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas had experience of serving in the Taiwan Governor’s Office.There were many similarities between the health regulations of Taiwan and the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas.The difference was that the colonial hygiene in Taiwan was based on tropical medicine,which did not apply to the South Manchuria Railway Company Affiliated Areas.Moreover,unlike Taiwan,the Northeast China was not a complete colony.Constrained by the complex international situation and the resistance of the local government and people,Japan ordered the South Manchurian Railway Company Company rarher than the centralized management system led by the health police to carry out sanitary affairs,the former was closer to a corporate management model.In the face of the health construction of the South Manchurian Railway Company,the local government of Northeast China gradually carried out self-improvement health construction and negotiated with the Japanese consul,which played a certain role in safeguarding the right of health management,promoting the institutionalization of health and improving the public health situation.However,due to the limited funds and management personnel,some sanitation management regulations were not fully implemented,and sanitation construction was uneven in time,territory and area.These problems were intertwined with the limitations of health construction of the South Manchurian Railway Company,which led to the problems of expensive medical treatment,lack of medicine and inconvenient access to water for the Chinese.In response,social forces such as the Fengtian Tongshantang,Dalian Hongji Shantang,chambers of commerce and guildhouses donated medicine and public cemetery,and organized epidemic prevention activities such as cleaning and disinfection,making useful attempts to solve these problems and demonstrating the dynamism of the subordinate groups under colonial rule. |
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