Molecular Evolution And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Some Species Of Arcypteridae (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acriodidea) In China

Arcypteridae (Orthoptera:Caelifera) is a large family, including 4 subfamily, 47 genera in China, mostly distributed in Paleoarctic, the others in Oriental realm. Arcypteridae was erected by Chinese entomologist according to Chinese fauna of grasshoppers. However, the disputes of subfamilies, genera and species classification have even existing among the different entomologist, especially with the foreign entomologists. There have being comprehensive studies of cell biology, morphological taxonomy, acoustical mechanism, molecular biology and other aspects on the species of Arcypteridae. Currently, however, the researches on molecular systematics of Chinese grasshoppers of the family is still limited.The partial Cytb, 16S rRNA and, 28SrDNA gene sequence and complete COII of 31 species, representing 2 subfamilies and 12 genera, and a outgroup species (Pamphagidae: Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure), were sampled in this study. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALX1.83. Sequence statistics were obtained by MEGA V2.1. The data set of Cyt b and COII were partitioned according to 1st, 2nd, 3rd codon position. The data set of 16SrRNA was partitioned according to stem region and loop region. The combination data sets were partitioned according to protein coding gene, mtDNA, mtDNA combination with nuclear gene. Data exploration was performed to each data sets and it's data subsets. Phylogenetic analysis under the Neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum-parsimony (MP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) criteria were performed as implemented in PAUP*4.0bl0(PPC). Bayesian inference was employed using MrBayes V3.0. Finally, we drew conclusions as follows:1. It is found that there are high A+T% in both of Cyt b,COII and 16S rRNA in 31 species of Arcypteridae insects, with 73.6% ,71.0% and 67.6% respectively. The number of variable sites of COII, Cyt b, 16SrRNA gene is 277, 225, 159 respectively. However, 28SrDNA (509 positions) is well conserved with 44 varaible sites, 72 variable sites (included outgroup), low A+T% (30.5%), and high G% (35.0%).2. Results of data exploration listed as follows:â‘ The result of x2 (Chi-square) test showed that base bias exist in the 3rd codon positions of Cyt b and COII gene among taxa. â‘¡The result of base substitution saturation analysis recovered that transition in the 3rd codon positions of Cyt b and COII...