| A comprehensive research on Henan province bats was performed from October 2003 to December 2007. The research included: 1.Analyzing the species, relative abundance, distributions, living styles and behavior of bats, evaluating their habitats and giving some advice on protection. 2. Bone marrow cells from five species of Vespertilionidae bats and two species of Rhinolophidae bats that widely distributed in Henan Province, were prepared by means of air-dried method or steam-fixed method, then the karyotypes and their karyotype evolution were analyzed. Phylogenetic relationships among the seven species of Vespertilionidae bats and three species of Rhinolophidae bats from different locations were investigated by RAPD assay; 3. The four isozymes including esterase (EST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and malic enzyme (ME) from different organ were systematically compared with each other for the expression pattern and zymogram pattern by using discontinuous vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), aiming at providing clues for bat research; 4. The phylogenetic relatives of Henan bats and the populations on M. schreibersii and R. ferrumequinum were analyzed based on Cytb gene DNA sequence. The main results were as follows:1. Approximately 130000 bats were recorded and 628 specimens were collected, which represented 26 species, 10 genus, 3 families, and occupied 20.8% of Chinese bat. Among them, 4 palaearctic realm species (15.4%), 11 Oriental realm species (42.3%) and 11 wide spread species (42.3%).2. Most of bats distributed in mountains where the species was diversity, and the quantity was centralized. While in plain, the quantity was large and the distribution was not centralized.3. The caves with the highest diversity and largest amount of bats inhabited in were Yunhua and Miping cave in Xixia, Xianren cave in Nanzhao, Huanglianshu cave in Jiyuan, Wulong cave in Shang cheng and Xiong cave in Huilong, Tongbai. Though high value for bats reproduction and hibernation, those caves were not effectively protected and the bats were being subjected to danger of extinction.4. According to the Chiropter composition, distribution, quantity, fauna feature and physical geography conditions, Henan bats were divided into five zoological geographic province: (1) North-west Taihang mountainous zoological geographic province; (2) West Funiu mountainous and mesa zoological geographic province; (3) West Funiu mountainous and basin zoological geographic province; (4) South Tongbai-Dabie mountainous and forest zoological geographic province; (5) East Huanghuai plain zoological geographic province.5. The karyotypes studies of the five Vespertilionidae bats and the two Rhinolophidae bats showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n=50, N.F (fundamental number) =48 in Eptesicus serotirus, with karyotype similar to that of La io., 2n=46 and N.F=50 in Miniopterus schreibersi; 2n=44 and N.F=52 in Myotis fimbriatus; 2n=38 and N.F=48 in Vespertilio superans 2n=26 and N.F=44 in Pipistrellus abramus, 2n=62 and N.F=60 in Rhinolophus affinis, 2n=58 and N.F=60 in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum respectively. Of the 7 species bats, the karyotypes of E. serotirus and R. ferrumequinum were reported for the first time.6. RAPD analysis of 7 species of Vespertilionidae bats suggested that they were divided into four groups: M. schreibersi, P. abramus and Murina leucogaster belonged to I, II andâ…¢group, respectively, while E. serotirus and three species of Myotis belonged to the fourth group.The Myotis was an relative primitive group with close relationship with E.serotirus and distant relationship with M. schreibersii. RAPD analysis of 3 Rhinolophus bats also showed that Rhinolophus cornutus was an older group, which had nearer relationship with R. affinis than with R. ferrumequinum. To some extent, the divergence occurred among the bats of same species but different locations. Their genetic polymorphism was obviously higher than that of bats of same species and same locations. The divergence also existed among individual bats of same species and same locations. However, almost no divergence was found among the bats within the same hibernation group.7. The expression patterns of four isozymes in eight tissues were obviously different. EST exhibited polytypism and higher activities in kidney, liver and small intestine. LDH showed tissue specificity, with the same expression pattern as that of most of mammalian in which the B-subunit was abundant in oxygen consumption tissue, such as chest muscle and kidney, while the A-subunit was abundant in liver. MDH showed tissue specificity either. Based on differential staining intensity and the bands distribution of s-MDH and m-MDH from eight tissues in electrophoresis gel, it could be concluded that m-MDH (mitochondria MDH) was dominant in bats, and this was closely related with flying adaptation and energy consumed of Chiroptera. Of all the eight tissues, ME in muscle displayed diversity and the strongest activity. Isozymes electrophoretograms from congeneric bats showed a little difference in the number, location and intensity of bands. But the difference was big when comparing electrophoretograms from different genus bats.8. The phylogenic trees based on Cytb gene suggested that the relationship between family Vespertilionidae and Hipposideridae or Rhinolophidae was closer, but the relationship between family Hipposideridae and Vespertilionidae was further. Within the family Vespertilionidae the relationship between genus Murina and Myotis was closer but genus Miniopterus was further to the others. Henan M. schreibersii and Hannai M. schreibersii belonged to two different subspecies, while Nara specimen belonged to another subspecies. Among the five sampling sites over 600 km, there was no distinct gene differentiation. In the M. schreibersii population level, the value of haplotype proportion, frequency and diversity were high, which indicated that there was widely gene communication among these sites.
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