A Comparative Study On Biological Recovery Mechanisms

Biological recovery stays out of our sight for quite a long time. Nowadays, with environmental conditions getting worse and biological resources becoming scarcer, it starts to attract more and more attention. For a developing country like China, although great progresses have been made in environment protection, but the situation is still not too optimistic for us.This paper tries to compare those typical biological recovery mechanisms and provide suggestions of constructing and bettering China's biological recovery mechanism. Thus this paper is divided into the following parts:The first job is to overview the most important literatures of biological recovery. Long before biological recovery begins to attract public attention, it is already been discussed that the biological resources should be recovered. Recent researches have been carried out through both theories and applications. Especially, many policies and measures have been taken to solve the biological recovery problem, which give us a treasure of research objects.In this paper, a new opinion of duality in biological recovery has been developed, to avoid the mistake of messing collecting money for biological recovery and biological recovery itself. As a productive factor, biological resources are used in production and need to be recovered like other factors. But biological resources can self-recover to some extent, and also they have externalities, for which pure market mechanism cannot complete moderate biological recovery. The reasons why market mechanism cannot complete biological recovery are complicated. First, market mechanism is not able to determine the exact amount of biological resources used, and for this reason it is not able to collect the exact, or even the approximate amount money for biological recovery. Second, because of the imprecise property rights of biological resources, biological recovery thus cannot be applied through market mechanism, which we all the duality of biological recovery. Above all, biological recovery consists of two aspects: price recovery and physical recovery. The first one concerns how to collect the exact money, while the second concerns how to spend these funds.Because of the duality of biological recovery, the mechanism biological recovery can also be divided into two kinds: the price recovery mechanism and the physical recovery mechanism, and each of them are composed of many applied mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms, both theoretical and applied, are analyzed and compared in the fourth chapter of this paper. The first and the most important in biological price recovery mechanism, is to calculate the benefits and loss of relative individuals. And the specific forms of price recovery are different because of the existence government. In western countries, resource taxes, emissions trading and similar mechanisms have been carried out for many years and have been proved quite effective. Comparatively, mechanisms of the same purpose and similar form also exist in China, but their influences are not as strong as those in western countries due to un-optimal institutional arrangements. As to the physical recovery mechanisms, multiple kinds of mechanisms have been applied to different biological resources, which make it necessary to analyze them respectively.Considering the actual condition of China, it is concluded that both of the price recovery mechanism and the physical recovery mechanism should be placed and they must be constructed to coordinate in order to be fully functional. But in all the studies in this region in China, many problems remain, such as low level of research, narrow range. In addition, the application of biological recovery in China utilize less market mechanism and lacks of variable funding, together with not well-defined system of standards and support from relative institutional arrangements. Thus the first thing in establishing and reforming biological recovery mechanisms in China is to strengthen the role of government, including perfecting fiscal policies in biological recovery, imposing and altering continuously resource taxes and all other relative taxes and fees. Second, market mechanism should take a more important role in biological recovery in China. To achieve this goal, many institutional arrangements, such as property rights, management system of resource assets, pricing mechanism of biological resources and emission trading, should be reformed. Third, the support system for biological recovery should also be constructed and strengthened, including establishing laws regarding to biological recovery, perfecting management scheme and investment and funding methods for biological recovery, constructing evaluating institutions for biological resources, applying green GDP and forwarding technological and scientific upgrade in biological recovery and so on.