A Studies On Classification And Phylogenetic Relationships Among Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae) In China

The Braconinae is one of the largest and the most diverse subfamilies of Braconidae (Hyemnoptera) with more than 200 described genera, the majority of which inhabit the Old World tropics. The taxonomic study on the Chinese Braconinae was conducted based on about 2000 specimens from China. The authors identified and described 197 species representing 49 genera belonging to 7 tribes in this study, of which one tribe, ten genera and six sub-genera are new to China, two new sub-genera and 90 species new to science. The new and newly recorded taxa are lised as follows:Tribe new to China: tribe Bathyaulacini Quicke.New genera: Glabotestudobracon gen. nov., Calosinobracon gen. nov..New Subgenera: Retiapunctobracon subgen. nov., Longicellibracon subgen. nov..Genera new to China: Spinadasha Quicke, 1983;Philomacroploea Cameron, 1905;Cratocnema Szepligeti, 1914;Gammabracon Quicke, 1984;Dolabraulax Quicke, 1986;Acampyloneurus Achterberg, 1992;Carinibracon van Achterberg, 1983;Pseudovipio Szepligeti, 1896.Subgenera new to China: Lucobracon Fahringer, 1927;Ophthalmobracon Tobias, 1957;Orientobracon Tobias, 2000;Punctobracon Papp, 1996;Sculptobracon Tobias, 1961;Uncobracon Papp, 1997.New species: Spinadasha sinica sp. nov., Annectobraconflavus sp. nov., Calosinobracon longiventris sp. nov., Stenobracon nanjingensis sp. nov., S. songyangensis sp. nov., S. xinjiangensis sp. nov., Atanycolus hainanensis sp. nov., A. tianmumontanus sp. nov., Aspidobracon fujianensis sp. nov., A. longyanensis sp. nov., Bracon {Bracon) xiamensis sp. nov., B. (Glabrobracon) curiveinensis sp. nov., B. (G.) fanjingimontanus sp. nov., B. (G.) rufescothorax sp. nov., B. {Habrobracon) curiveinis sp. nov., B. (H.) kunmingensis sp. nov., B.(H.)longopterus sp. nov., B. (H.)pantana sp. nov., B. (H.)punctiventris sp. nov., B. (H.) sculpoventris sp. nov., B. (H) urumchinensis sp. nov., B. {H.) yunnanensis sp. nov., Bracon {Longicellibracon) jilinensis sp. nov., B. {Lucobracon) neimenguis sp. nov., B. (.Ophthalmobracon) fujianensis sp. nov., B. {Orientobracon) guangzhounensis sp. nov., B. (O.) longitudinaicanis sp. nov., B. (O.) testacus sp. nov., B. {O.) zebraverticalis sp. nov., B. (Punctobracon) tortricinus sp. nov., B. {Retiapunctobracon) flavipennis sp. nov., B. (R) gutianmontanus sp. nov., B. (R) zebromesoscutis sp. nov., B. {Sculptobracon) shandongensis sp. nov., B. {S.) nigriventris sp. nov., B. (S.) yichuanensis sp. nov., B. {Uncobracon) flavipennis sp. nov., B. {U.) guangxiensis sp. nov., B. {U.) hei sp. nov., B. (U.) tianmumontanus sp. nov., B. {U.) unicoloratus sp. nov., Cractocnema hainanensis sp. nov., Gammabraconwangi sp. nov., Dolabraulax henanensis sp. nov., D. sichuanensis sp. nov., D. tianmunensis sp. nov., Pseudoshirakiaflavus sp. nov., Scutibracon gladiatus sp. nov., Tropobraeon flavus sp. nov., T. hainanensis sp. nov., T. hei sp. nov., T. minutus sp. nov., T. nitidus sp. nov., Acampyloneurus flavus sp. nov., A. glaboniger sp. nov., ,4. nanningensis sp. nov., Campyloneurus flavaventris sp. nov., C. fujianensis sp. nov., C. guangdongensis sp. nov., C. guizhounensis sp. nov., C A? sp. nov., C nigerventris sp. nov., Ectemnoplax xizanginensis sp. nov., Cyanopterus huai sp. nov., C. meihuashanensis sp. nov., Calcaribracon songyangnensis sp. nov., Calcaribracon zhejiangensis sp. nov., Myosoma aningensis sp. nov., M. coffensis sp. nov., M shandongensis sp. nov., M rufescothorax sp. nov., M mger sp. nov., M wuj sp. nov., A/, wuyimontanus sp. nov., Carinibracon niger sp. nov.;Simplicibracon yoideshanensis sp. nov., Glabotestudobracon bandoventris sp. nov., Coeloides changbaimontanus sp. nov., C. flavus sp. nov., C. glaboventris sp. nov., Euurobraconjiangsunensis sp. nov., Glyptomorpha beijingensis sp. nov., Vipio flavus sp. nov., /. hebeinus sp. nov., Vipiomorpha dalianensis sp. nov., K niger sp. nov., K nigerithoraxis sp. nov., K yunnanensis sp. nov., Pseudovipio ruilis sp. nov., P. yunanensis. sp. nov., Hybogaster zebraipterus sp. nov. and Iphiaulax wuhainensis sp. nov..The phylogenetic relationships within genus Bracon Fabricius and subfamily Braconinae were studied at the subgeneric and generic level based on 43 and 71 morphological characters, respectively, using the PAUP* (version 4.0) and MrBayes. The results of cladistic analysis suggests that Bracon is paraphyletic or polyphyletic group, and the Braconinae may be divided into three tribes based on morphological characters, namely Argamaniini, Braconini and Aspidobraconini. Morever, the relationship between Braconinae and other related subfamilies of Braconidae was analyzed using molecular data from Genbank. The results show that subfamily Braconinae is a monophyletic group, and a sister group of subfamily Telengaiinae.