| I. Purpose and Significance of the ResearchSports anemia, which often occurs among athletes, can negatively affect athletic performance, training; post-training recovery and the functioning of the athletes' immune system. Much attention has been given by medical researchers to the relationship between anemia and nutrition.The purpose of this research is to build an animal model of sports anemia and to monitor red cell membrane changes. The research seeks to determine the effects of training on red cell membrane, especially, when sports anemia results from extended training. This research also seeks to establish some accurate indices for sports anemia. The research evaluates and accurately diagnosis sports anemia using, as references, hemoglobin and ferrum. The research further explores the mechanism of sports anemia.II. Contents of the ResearchPart One: Establishment of a sports anemia model for ratsTwo types of training were used to establish the sports anemia model: swimming and treadmill. The three indices used to evaluate this model were: Hb, RBC and HCT. Part Two: Effect of extended training and anemia countermcasures on red cell of ratsThis part of the research investigated the oxidative stress status of blood and the energy metabolism of red blood cells relating to sports anemia and anemia countermeasures. By using the flow cytometer and CLSM (two very modem techniques to study the aging of red blood cells), both qualitative and quantitative analyses were made. Gel electrophoresis was used to determine changes in the membrane protein of red cells, and quantitative analysis of the protein of red cells membrane was achieved through use of an advanced image analysis system.From the data resulting from use of the above techniques, it was possible to explore how extended training causes damage to red cells and how this, in turn, causes sports anemia.Part Three: The mechanism of sports anemia, preventive measures, and anemia countermeasures in athletesIn this part of research, two groups of athletes were used: one group of twelve all had sports anemia and the second group of twelve were all healthy. Blood from both groups were studied to establish initial, baseline indices. Following one month of anemia countermeasures, blood was again studied and compared for results. It was determined that extended training caused damage and loss of red cells and also determined that anemia countermeasures could restore red cells in the blood.III. Experimental ResultsPart One: Establishment of a sports anemia model for ratsAfter ten weeks of exhaustive training on the treadmill, Hb indices in the rats was found to be significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01). RBC and HCT were not found to be significantly lower than that of the control group. Also, it takes too long to make this sports anemia model, and can't make full use of the treadmill because the difference among the rats is too big. So, in the formal experiment, it is suggested to use the progressively more strenuous training on the treadmill to make the sports anemia model.Part Two: Effect of extended training and anemia countermeasures on the red cell membrane of ratsBased on the sports anemia model of progressively more strenuous training on the treadmill, it was found that such training produced more and more free radicals in the blood; enhanced oxidation and peroxidation; and caused a decrease of serum SOD and Ery-SOD, serum GSH and Ery-GSH, serum CAT and Ery-CAT. This model showed that oxidative stress levels in blood are raised and oxidative injury to red blood cells is induced. This type of exercise was found to impair the energy metabolizing system and to lower the enzyme level of Na+-K+-ATP, which causedamage to the red blood cells. Regarding the senility parameters of red blood cells, the PS extroversion rate was significantly higher than that of the control group and the SA is significantly lower. Anemia countermeasures raised the levels of serum SOD and Ery-SOD, serum GSH and E...
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