Primary Study Of Establishment Of Hydrocephalus Model In Canine

Hydrocephalus may be caused by the imbalance between the absorption and production of cerebrospinal fluid which fill the enlarged subarachnoid space and/or cerebral ventricle system. Hippocrates 13 (5th century B.C.), the father of medicine, is thought to be the first physician to have attempted and documented the treatment of hydrocephalus. But he failed to make completely effective therapy because of limited comprehension of the anatomy of the brain especially the ventricle system. With the gradual comprehension of the anatomy and the successful establishment of animal model, people come to know more about the hydrocephalus. Especially the establishment of hydrocephalus' animal model greatly promoted the diagnosis and therapy of hydrocephalus. The basic and clinical investigation of hydrocephalus on animal model was carried out earlier abroad. Animal model' establishment is of great significance to hydrocephalus' etiological factor, regulation, diagnosis and therapeutic method, investigation and development of new drug.Eight male adult mongrel dogs (4-6 year old, approximate 15kg) were selected for the study. 8 dogs underwent cranium three dimension MRI. Each ventricle was measured through multitude meridian with special measurement and software, and the collected data was processed with statistics method to get the reliable ventricle multitude meridian data of the normal mongrel dogs for the establishment of Canine model. Cranium MRI base line determination: firstly to obtain the localization scan of crane three dimension MRI and select one image with clear middle line structure; nest to scan sagittal plane which is parallel with the very middle line structure, then get the standard sagittal plane scan image ; third to select the midsagittal plane scan image which display the mesencephalic aqueduct well and scan the plane which is parallel with the floor of fourth ventricle to get the standard coronal scan image; scan the plane that is vertical with the floor of fourthventricle to get the standard sagittal scan image. Establishment of animal model: five male mongrel dogs( 4-6kg, approximate 15kg)were surgically exposed the atlantooccipita dura matter of brain with the catheter tip gently laid in the cephlic half of the fourth ventricle, slow injection of cyanoacrylic gel glue filled the fourth ventricle and extended into the mesencephalic aqueduct. This Canine model of hydrocephalus result from the acute occlusion of the mesencephalic aqueduct or the normal passage through which the CSF exits the fourth ventricle. We can quickly observe the physiologic changes about the pressure and volume of CSF. And the animal is big enough for the study of hydrocephalus's diagnosis and therapy.This study demonstrates that the canine model of hydrocephalus is preferable as opposed to any big mammals (such as pig and monkey) because of its low cost, easy breeding and the high success rate of model establishment; Canine model of hydrocephalus is one of the animal models which are appropriate for the study of hydrocephalus' diagnoses and surgical therapy. Hydrocephalus may be caused by the imbalance between the absorption and production of cerebrospinal fluid which filled the enlarged subarachnoid space and/or Cerebral ventricle system. CSF can't reach the absorption location because of the blockage of normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid circulation or the disfunction at absorption location. The incidence of Hydrocephalus remains unknown. According to deficiently statistics, me incidence of infantile hydrocephalus is approximate 3.0 per 1000 birth.Hydrocephalus is common disease in neurosurgery department which can be divided into obstructive hydrocephalus and communicating hydrocephalus. Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by the blockage of normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Communicating hydrocephalus is caused by the failure of absorption or overproduction of CSF.The main treatment of hydrocephalus is surgical therapy. Removal of etiological factor is the best way to the patient with known etiological factor. If the etiological factor cannot be removed the cerebrospinal fluid circulation should be rebuilt or shunt should be carried out to make the CSF flow into the coeloma interspace, viscera or circulation system where the cerebrospinal fluid is absorptive.Its main treatment is to carry out the shunt to make the cerebrospinal fluid flow into other coeloma such as ventriculoperitoneal shunts, lateral ventricle-cistema magna shunts , laminaterminalis fistulation, lateral ventricle-jugular veins shunts, ventricular-atrial shunt, lateral ventricle-superior sagittal sinus shunts, lumbar vertebrae subarachnoid space-peritoneal cavity shunts and so on. Although ventriculoperitoneal shunts has been widely applied to clinical practice in modern times, it still has complications such as shunt channel blockage, infection and over-drainage .The treatment for the patients who failed to shunt remains a problem.It is necessary to adjust the shunt channel whenever there is blockage. The more adjustment, the higher failure rate. Children in particular need multitude adjustment because of their bodily outgrow ? It is reported that the reoperation rate of ventriculoperitoneal shunts reach 28%-58%.1910 saw the first application of endoscope to a hydrocephalus patient by Esoinasse, a urinary surgery doctor. That instrument was very primitive and not suitable to neurosurgery because of its big diameter, bad light illumination and little flexibility. These fatal weaknesses were responsible for the high death and mutilation rates o The endoscope is not applied clinically until 1980'.We administered neuroendoscope therapy and neuroendoscope combined with laparoscope to 37 hydrocephalus patients in different according to the variation of hydrocephalus. And we gained satisfactory clinical effect. A total of 37 hydrocephalus patients caused by various etiological factor(male 16, female 21,age 1.5-65,average age30.5)were involved in this study. Twenty patients, with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (once 13,twice 4,three times 2,four times 1), were admitted because of the repeated blockage of the shunt channel. 8 of them underwent emergency lateral ventricle out drainage because of quickly increased ICP. The cause of shunt failure: 13 blockage are at the ventricle tip of the shunt channel(including 5 tips into brain parenchyma, 2 tips located at the third ventricle); 7 blockage are at the peritoneal cavity tip.37 patients all underwent CT scan or MRI. 21 are obstructive hydrocephalus including 5 aqueduct stenosis, 3 occupying lesion at pineal body area (one is pineal body tumor, one is corpora quadrigemina cyst, one is pineal body cyst), 3 are cystic craniopharyngioma, 2 are colloid cyst of the third ventricle, 2 are thalamus glioma, 2 are teratism of foramen magnum, one is septa pellucidum cyst, one is blood vessel Reticulocyte neoplasia at left cerebellar hemisphere, one is cystic glioma at left cerebellar hemisphere, one is multi-hyperplasia of the ependyma in lateral ventricle. 16 patients are communicating hydrocephalus including five hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage bleeding into the ventricle system, five craniocerebral trauma with subarachnoid hemorrhage, three intracranial aneurysm disruption bleed, one after giant pituitary adenoma surgery, one is communicating hydrocephalus with the emphraxis of one interventricular foramen (the lateral ventricle at shunt side decreased its size but the other part of brain ventricle system remain enlarged), one with unknown etiological...