The Research Of Atmospheric Particles Pollution Of City And Its Influence To Lung Functions Of Pupil, Together With A Time Serials Analysis Between TSP And Mortality In Fushun, China

ObjectivesIn order to learn that status of atmospheric particle pollution, impact on lung functions of children, and TSPs influence to mortality in Fushun, combine meteorological materials, environment monitoring materials and urban population death report materials at the past five years in such city as Fushun, Liaoning China, the research has been carried on also to analysed polluted particles at indoor and outdoor atmosphere and individual expose to pollutant and monitor the state (TSP , PM₁₀, PM_2.5 PM_1.0, Such indexes as PAHS and NPAHS ,etc. ) , school - agers lung function changes (FVC , FEV_1.0and FEV_1.0% of the grade indexes ) and the atmospheric TSP pollute the time sequence influenced to mortality of the cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. Through analyzing the result of study, evaluate the air quality of Fushun, we can offer scientific basis for the fact that the municipal government improves the atmospheric environment and makes policy.1. According to the data of the atmosphere monitoring from the Fushun Environmental Protection Monitoring Station in past five years ( 1999 - 2003) , three primary schools of different distances from the same pollution sources of industrial enterprises in the heavy contaminated area (Wanghua) has been selected as the monitoring sites, which atmospheric PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PM_1.0 and ones percentage in TSP have been monitored. It is analyzed that much ring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( PAHs) and Nitre - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (NPAHS) content, the source and also concentration percentage in TSP, even the health effect. Understand residents indoor, outdoor and individuals expose tothe characteristic of density of particle and pollutant of air in the environment, such as PM10 and PM2 5.2. The pulmonary functions of pupils in the three monitoring primary schools had been measured to determine the change of the index from Jul. 2002 to Apr. 2003.3. Collecting data of 1999 -2003 of Fushun, including the atmospheric TSP concentration, meteorologic data, mortality of everyday and Chinese time calendar, using the ecological principle, Possion Regression and Local Auto -Regression has been implenmented to detect the association between TSP densities and cardiovascular disease & respiratory disease death rate.Methods1. The choice of the monitoring spotsBased on the meteorologic data, environment monitoring data, the emission of main pollutant of enterprise with heavy pollution in nearly five years of Fushun , confirm where the air pollution is light, middle and heavy, we selected three primary schools which are different distances from the same pollution sources in serious contaminated area (No. 3 petrochemical industry, Fushun A-luminum smelters and The special steel group of Fushun, etc. Wanghua south industrial area) on the leeward side of the city throughout the year, namely punctuation mark diameter distance 2,5- 11 km about three primary school respectively at edge object of reference (rail) pursue from pollution sources, i. e. Gaiping, Faku and Guangming, the sampling device was laid in the playground.2. Collection and measure of particle pollutants and hazaous matters in samples(1) The atmospheric particulate samplesSampling happened in every season, keep 2 weeks on each time ( change strain membrane every 2 days, amounts to 7 times) , SIBATA AN - 200 automatic air sampling devices (Japan) , on the flow of 28. 3L/min have been e-quipped with 3 points, which are gathered in succession in 14 days at the same time. Use HOBO ONSET RH TEMP warm hygrometer to measure the tempera-ture, relative humidity and pressure of atmospheric at the same time. Sample the detailed record of the course at the unified list.(2) The atmospheric particulates density (PM10, PM25) of indoor, outdoor and individual exposesSelect 10 adults, not to smoke and even there are no smoker in home, within 1000M2 around of 3 monitoring schools, age at 40 -60 years old, living more than 3 years in here, the half of them is male and another half is female, who has no expose to material of studying in job, and no plumary diseases previously. The total number is 30 peoples. Individuals sampling device was carrying in 24 hours. When sleeping, put the sampling device in a sound insulation case and keep the sampler on working in succession. At the same time, on outdoor and indoor of the room, one of each MP - X300 sampling devices have been e-quipped, on the same flow, changing membrane once regularly every day, every cycle is 7 days, at heating issue (January ) and no - heating issue ( June ) respectively. The measured temperature, relative humidity of environment should be written down at the same time.(3 ) Measuring of atmospheric particlesUsing fibre membrane of vary aperture ( divide into 9 ) , we had collected suspended particulate in air. Then put them in refrigerate after being sealed with the aluminum foil. Each time gather membranes were equilibrium in the constant temperature, permanent humidity in the weighs room ( Institute of Environmental Science of Japan) , then weigh with the accurate electronic balance of UMT2 (METTER SYSTEM ) , record the weight of the membrane before and after sampling.(4) Measure and analysis the content of PAHS and NPAHS in the particlesPAHS, NPAHS samples has been adopted with huge flow sections dust sampling device, ( SIBATA AH600) , one time every season , flow 566L/MIN, 4 times each cycle, the strain membrane was changed over48h. . After each period of season, the filter should be cleaning by ultrasonic. All samples were took to Japanese Kenzawa University for detecting of 9 kinds PAHS, by high - pressure liquid phase chromatogram /fluorescence detector ( HPLC/FLD) for and with the high - pressure liquid phase chromatogram / chemistry detector(HPLC/CLP) for 12 kinds of NPAHS.3. Survey of pupil & lung functionHealthy children of 8 - 10 year - old (3 grade pupil) , total 1060, living within lkm vicinity to the school for 3 years at least, were selected as the subjects for lung function checking (about 100 pupils for each school). The inspection phase is divided in four times of namely no - heating issue (July) , heating issue ago ( October) , heating issue ( December) and heating after issue (A-pril). Special Chest HI -701 advanced spirometer (Japan) had been used. The major indicators are: Forced vital capacity (FVC) , Forced expiratory volume in the one second (FEV, 0) , and the rate of one second (FEV, 0/ FVC) , etc.4. The data TSP pollution and mortalityCollect TSP polluting data of atmospheric monitoring points from 1999 to 2003 of the city then calculate the average density monthly (mg/m3). Get such meteorologic materials as the temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and wind - force of wind direction, etc. Be offered the reported mortality data by Fushun Centre of Diseases Control and prevention, which have be drawn of the cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease case and divided into groups " during the five years.5. Statistical analysisThe data of air particles and harmful substance (TSP, PM10, PM2 5, PM, 0, PAHS and NPAHS index) , together with children's lung function determine data had been input EPI 6.0 databases. SPSS 10.0 software was used for such statistical analysis as significance inspection, analyzing relevant, etc.Time sequence data were inputed in databases with EXCEL. Data processing had been done by SAS software. Describes analyzing of the time distributed of TSP density, mortality of the cardiovascular disease and the respiratory disease were done by S -PLUS software. First, and divide into 6 groups according to the age, sex, the item of time was introduced, and then add the meteorological condition, and carry on local regression at each parts, make the model accord with AIC ( Akaikes Information Criterion) , lead TSP into finally, and analyse TSP density changes associate with the impact on cardiovascular disease,respiratory disease death rate by automatically with POSSION.Results1. The concentration of suspended particles in atmosphereThe TSP concentrations of Gainping, Faku, Guangming in Winter and Spring are 290. 9|xg/m\280. 4jxg/m3;308. 5|xg/m\285. 4|xg/m3;256. 3jxg/ m3 ,300. 3|jLg/m and have be the 1. 28 1. 54 times of the Standard of China. All PM10are from 107. 7 to 221. 6|xg/m3 exceed 1. 07 -2. 22 times to the standard. The concentration of PM2 5is between 57. 6fig/m3 and 113. 7jxg/m3, it exceeds American EPA PM2 5 air quality standard 3. 84 -7.76 times. During periods of no heating, the concentration of suspend particle in the air have no significant difference between sites. During periods of heating, the concentration of PM2 5 and PM10 in Guangming is the lowest in the all measure spots. Its values separately are 190. 2|xg/m3 ( PM10 ), 104. 3|jLg/m3 ( PM2 5 ) , 78. 4jxg/m3 (PM, 0) , in the same school, the concentration of particle in winter is more than that in summer, such as PM2 5 and PM, 0 are the most remarkable, PM2 5 concentration of Gaiping is 113. 7jxg/m in winter and 79. 5jxg/m in summer, PM2 5 concentration of Guangming is 104. 3jxg/m in winter and 65. 7p^g/m in summer. The concentrations of PM2 5 and PM, 0 in winter are 1. 53 1. 75 and 1. 43 1. 72 times than them at summer.2. The content of PAHS and NPAHS in the particlesThe content of PAHS are dozens of times than the content of NPAHS of atmosphere suspended particles from three primary schools. The PAHS density (total is 2094. OOpmol/m ) of components in winter is 1. 72 3. 71 times in summer (total is 784.94 pmol/m ) , but the difference is not significant in the summer and winter for total NPAHS density.Through analysis of the composition, the Chr ( Chrysene) , Flu ( Fluoran-thene) , Pyr (Pyrene) and BaA [Benzo Anthracene] , which have 4 Benzo cycles, are higher density in the 9 PAHS be measured in winter, (are 246. 5 pmol/m3,5101 pmol/m3;483. 3 pmol/m3,232. 9 pmol/m3);the 2 - NF (2 -Nitrofluozene) , 2 NP (2 - Nitropyrene) and 6 NC (1 - Nitropyrene) are thehigher ones in 12 kind NPAHS, which are 21. 00 pmol/m3 v4. 97 pmol/m\4.47 pmol/m . The distribution rule of different season are similar in some of NPAHS and PAHS, heating period (December) most high with 2NF, with most high 2NP are on no - heating period (July) , it separate is dozens to thousands of times to other pollutants which be examined.The content of PAHS and NPAHS in air pollution suspended particulate, which under <2. ljxm are 67. 23% and 79. 73% , and which between 2.1 -7. 0 fxm are 25.78% and 12. 67% , and one s >7pjn are 6.99% and 7.6%.3. The content of PM10, PM2 5in indoor, outdoor and individual expose Indoor PM2 5 density in winter is Gaiping 111.7|xg/m3, Faku 147. 4 jxg/m3, Guangmingl32. l|i,g/m3. Not only winter indoor air pollution is higher than summer notably, but also the indoor and outdoor density are very nearly the same. The content of PM2 5 in indoor and outdoor of summer is 103. 8, 99. 4, 100. 1 }JLg/m . Indoor PM2 5 and outdoor density present the positive correlation relation, and the intensity is bigger in winter. The correlation equation is y =0. 529x + 91. 017, the coefficient correlation is R =0. 1551. The density of PM2 5 people sucking have no significance with occupying the indoor and outdoor density at difference sites.Gaiping, Fushun PM]0 individual sucking density is lower than outdoors to expose (P <0.05). Other places have not demonstrated the difference between the density of individual exposes and the indoor and/or outdoor.4. Pupil' s lung functionLung functionality index of pupil in Gaiping ,as FVCNFEVj 0 are(2. 54 ± 0.44 ,1.92 ±0.30) in winter and (2.46 ±0.38 ,1.90 ±0.31 ) in spring.Lung functionality index of pupil in Faku ,as FVC^FEV, 0 are(2. 21 ±0. 39,1.82 ±0.32) in winter and (2. 36 ±0.40 ,2. 02 ±0. 34)in spring.Lung functionality index of pupil in Guangming ,as FVC^FEV,0 are(2.25 ±0.36 ,1.88 ±0.33 ) in winter and (2. 36 ±0. 34 ,2.02 ±0.40 ) in spring.After through a heating period, function index FVC, FEV\ 0 and FEVK 0% of children receives some impact with the heating air pollution in winter maybe. FEV, 0% obviously dropped in winter, then rebounding again after the beginning of Spring. The Gaiping (primary school) students'FVC, FEV, 0 value at whichmore close to the industrial pollution sources does not increase but dropped instead in Spring after a heating cycle. Gaiping femals kept in low level of PEFN EFE50^EFE75 comparing with the others, even no -growth or less.5. Results of the evaluation for the association between atmospheric TSP and the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebro - deaths, respiratory? TSP and 4 - days lag TSP density increases per 50jxg/m3 each time, the total group and especially mans every group mortality with cardiovascular and cerebro - deaths had a significant positive correlation, with the increase of TSP, the excess mortality of the cardiovascular and cerebro - deaths increases by 1. 542% , 2. 24% , 0. 826% , 1. 627% and 1. 665% respectively, increase of corresponding different time TSP, the daily mortality of old man's group increased 0. 698% and 0. 038% more. The TSP density increases 50 jmg/m3 of lag behind for 4 days, OR of influenced to the respiratory mortality of total group is 1. 02195 (95% CI = 1. 00195 - 1. 04245). Namely with the increase of TSP density, the excess mortality of respiratory is 2. 195%.Conclusions1. The pollution of air suspend particle is serious in Fushun.The PM10and PM2 5 which injure to human body are more serious matter which have not been reported before, are exceeds Chinas national standard and U.S.A. EPA standard separately by 1. 07 - 2. 22 times and 3. 84 - 7. 76 times. The fire coal gets warm to make pollution aggravate in winter. The fine particles (PM2.5, PM1.0) are higher proportion in TSP. The PM10, PM2.5 and PM, 0 have appeared the trend that nearly pollutant density increases of distance only in winter. Therefore, the coal burning and the meteorological factors make the particles pollution aggravated in winter of Fushun. To improve the process of industrial producing and coal — fired equipments of central heating, and advance the smoke and dust discharge craft, and reduce emission of the particulate matter of tiny diameter, the tasks are extremely urgent.2. The concentration of hazards substance in the particles measuring is relatively higher in the atmosphere of Fushun.PAHS and NPAHsare absorbed in particles reducing with a grain of increase of diameter gradually. PAHS and NPAHS is almost absorbed in ( <2.1 jxm) particle. The content of PAHsshow that is low in winter and high in summer, and NPAHS is not difference in summer or winter. In summer, the nearer is the distance to industrial pollution sources , the higher are the content of PAHS and NPAHS. We believe that the main source of the particles should be the factories in summer. As there is not this law in winter, but the concentration is relatively high, we can think it is the mainly source that residents dispersing type of coal burning to get warm and cooking.3. The pollution of PM2. 5 in indoor air of Fushun is serious.PM2 5 is 100% over the EPA standard of U. S. A. , The pollution became worsen in winter. The content of PM2.5, PM1.0 in indoors is positive correlation with that in outdoors. PM25of inbreathe by Individual exposes showed no significant difference with that of indoor and outdoor. We believe the monitoring value in outside and indoor can represent level of individual actual expose to pollution.4. Some indexes of pupils lung function in Fushun became worse to some extent after winter. It shows that air particle pollution influences to growth of pupil s lung function in winter.5. Results show that change of urban TSP pollute of 1999 2003 have effect on the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebro - deaths, respiratory deaths in Fushun.With TSP and 4 - days lag TSP density increases 50jxg/m each time, total group and male vs mortality of cardiovascular and cerebro - deaths and total crowd group respirator}7 excess death rate have increased.