Study On Estimation Of Carbon Net And Carbon Compensation In Rural Tourism Destination Under Carbon Neutralization

Global warming that is one of the severest environmental problems that human society facing. Greenhouse effect especially carbon dioxide is seen as a considerable reason causing climate change. Since the industrial revolution happened, the economic activity of human being, for example, fossil fuel burning and land use changing, produces large amounts of carbon dioxide that human tourism activity should be responsible for Rural tourism is developing sharply in China, and "Travelling to rural area" has been one of themes of modern mass tourism, so rural tourism destination has also become vital space during human outing and travelling. On the one hand, with the development of tourism activity, large quantities of carbon source causes the emissions of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, that we need concerned:there are quite abundant carbon sink exerting ecological service function during rural natural environment and rural agricultural landscape, sustainable development related problems of rural tourism destination remains to be researched further with the dual visual angle of carbon source and carbon sink.On the basis of grooming former literature, this paper discuss the evaluation theory framework of net carbon emission and the operation mechanism of carbon offsets from the viewpoint of carbon neutral, and take the cases of Hong Village in the southern of Anhui and Dawei Agricultural Park in Hefei to analyse empirically, to find the realization approach of carbon offsets which are the type of traditional village and the type of outskirts picking in the rural tourism destination. This dissertation is divided into eight chapters, each of which is summarized as the following:Chapter 1,introduction. This chapter generally explains the research mentally, expounds the research goals and objectives, processes the detailed research methods and clarifies technique research route.Chapter 2,the overview of related theoretical basis and research process. This chapter firstly discriminates and analysis the key concepts, such as carbon source and carbon emission, carbon sink and carbon sequestration, low carbon and carbon neutral, carbon budget and net carbon emission, tourism destination and rural tourism destination and so on. And then the chapter summarizes and combines related literatures from the domestic and foreign scholars about calculating the carbon emissions of tourism industry, reducing carbon emissions and carbon neutral of tourism industry destination, and carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystems, which has laid a theoretical foundation for our studies. Finally, the chapter gives a detailed description about relative supporting theories, including the ecological civilization theory, low carbon economic theory and carbon footprint theory, which seeks the basis of theory for our studies. Therefore, it not only holds the research trend of low carbon and carbon neutral in the rural tourism destination, but also defines research objectives and research perspective.Chapter 3,system fragmentation of rural tourism destination from the perspective of carbon neutral. This chapter points out the rural tourism destination system is an synthetic multi-system leading in system theory which has lots of elements that nature and society elements coexisting, further more it re-examines system elements of rural tourism destination from the angle of carbon sink. The carbon source of rural tourism destination is divided into two parts:natural carbon source and artificial carbon source. Natural carbon source is produced by vegetation and soil breathing, which is a complex physical and biological processes.Artificial carbon source is caused by travel activities and has become the evaluation objects of carbon emissions in this paper. There are major coupling relationships between the elements of natural terrestrial ecosystem of rural tourism destination and land terrestrial ecosystem. According to the feature of land habitats and the variety of plant community, the chapter organized carbon sink of rural tourism destination, including rural agricultural terrestrial ecosystems, rural forestry terrestrial ecosystems, rural wet land terrestrial ecosystems and rural grass land terrestrial ecosystems. And this chapter clarify carbon source and carbon sink of rural tourism destination, which has laid a foundation for net carbon emission evaluation.Chapter 4, the evaluation framework and method of net carbon emissions of rural tourism destination. Carbon emissions and carbon sinks both are ends of net carbon emission evaluation of rural tourism destination. Firstly, the author builds up the carbon emissions evaluation theory framework and discriminates and expresses system boundaries of two dimensions:space and time. Secondly, the author clarifies the evaluation list of carbon source, agricultural carbon source and community carbon source and comprehensively combines existing methods of carbon emissions of social economic filed and carbon sink of land life system. On the basis, this chapter integrates evaluation measure of carbon emissions and carbon sinks of rural tourism destination and selects relative evaluation coefficient. In theory, the chapter builds up perfect net carbon emissions evaluation system of rural tourism destination. In practice, the chapter offers main grasp a hand to different type of net carbon emission evaluation of rural tourism destination.Chapter 5,the conception mode and compensation mechanism research of carbon neutral of rural tourism destination. This chapter summarizes carbon neutral practice experiences of different levels at home and abroad(nationality, city, stadium and activity), to provide beneficial enlightenment for searching carbon offsets of rural tourism destination. Based on the analysis above, this chapter proposes nature-society duality carbon cycle process of rural tourism destination, adopts net carbon emissions index, and constructs conception model of carbon neutral rural tourism destination, which provides simple thought for assessing the possibility of becoming carbon neutral in rural tourism destination. Carbon offsets of rural tourism destination, that is a system engineering that needs the joint effort of the government, corporation and community and each one should plays different roles. At last, the chapter explores the realization mechanism to go carbon neutral of rural tourism destination from planning, management, market, technique and so on.Chapter 6, the net carbon emissions evaluating and carbon offsets researching of traditional village type of rural tourism destination. Based on the carbon source and carbon sink theory system and evaluation method of rural tourism destination of previous construction, this chapter takes the cases of Hong Village, combines practical situation in the case and selects good index system of carbon emissions evaluation in Hong Village Scenery. According to the status of land utilization, the chapter analyses land utilization type of carbon sink which has functions of carbon sequestration and calculates net carbon emissions in Hong Village Scenery in 2012. The purpose of net carbon emissions evaluation is that provides the foundation for finding the way of carbon offsets. And analysis finds that:from broad perspective, travel transport is an utterly important part of carbon emissions in rural tourism destination, apart from that, board and lodging, energy consumption of community residents and solid waste, disposal are the other main component of carbon emissions. Therefore, the author analyses the main space of reducing carbon emissions in Hong Village Scenery and puts forward associated reducing carbon emissions path. As for increasing carbon sink, the author proposes for path of protecting and increasing carbon sink aiming at Hong Village Scenery. Finally, the chapter puts forward carbon offsets measures in order to be used as references according to the feature of traditional village type of rural tourism destination.Chapter 7, the net carbon emissions evaluating and carbon offsets researching of rural tourism destination of suburb picking type. Take the case of Dawei Agricultural Park Agricultural Park in Hefei, this chapter selects good index system of carbon emissions evaluation and land utilization status of this park and calculates net carbon emissions of this park in 2012. Further studies indicated that travel transport is still an utterly important part, followed by solid waste disposal, accommodation and recreation energy consumption again, which is different with traditional village type. In the matter of carbon sink, land resources of carbon sink in the park keep the distribution in a relatively balanced state, and the structure of land carbon sinks is diverse. Therefore, the author advocates that we should focus on using artificial management to promote the level of carbon sink. In the end, the chapter puts forward carbon offsets measures in order to be used as references according to the feature of suburb picking type of rural tourism destination.Chapter 8, conclusion and discussion. In conclusion, the author sums up the main results and extracts the creative words of this study. And in discussion, the author discusses problem and the further research directions.Based on above work, this paper has made the following innovative achievements:Firstly, from the angle of carbon source and carbon sink, this paper re-examined system elements of rural tourism destination, formed index system of carbon source and carbon sink of rural tourism destination, and clarified carbon sink value of rural tourism destination system. And this paper has builds up two types (traditional village type, suburb picking type) good index system of carbon emissions of rural tourism destination that provides science basis for actual estimating, which is innovative.Secondly, under the research basis of carbon source and carbon sink, this paper put forward that balanced net carbon emissions inputing theory framework, integrated evaluation method of rural tourism destination of both ends of "source" and "sink". After that this paper used index of net carbon emissions to develop carbon neutral conception model of rural tourism destination, which is the vital and compendious index that assesses carbon neutral of rural tourism destination and provides some inspirations for other types of tourism destination construction and research of net carbon emissions evaluation theory framework.Finally, the paper found the way of carbon offsets of rural tourism destination from both sides of carbon source and carbon sink. From the angle of increasing carbon sink, the author put forward that build tourist environment of rural carbon sink through some ways, for example, tetrahedral hybridization, farmland network of forest planning, three-dimensional afforesting and so on, and increased carbon sink effect of rural tourist attraction through some artificial management measures, for example, reasonable farming, scientific irrigation and so on, which provided beneficial thought for the construction of rural tourism destination carbon neutral.