Research On Policies Of Russian Industry And Commerce In1861-1914

After the peasant reform in Russia in1861, the state established the overallprotection and foster commercial and industrial development policy. It went tothephase of rapidindustrial and commercial development. Russia completedindustrialization in mid-1990s and squeezed in the ranks of advanced industrialcountries before the first world war. In the development of industry and commerce,the policies witch the Russian government introduced protective tariffs to attractforeign investment, build railways and industrial and commercial tax played a greatrole. This thesis consists of three parts: an introduction, body and conclusion.The introduction describes the main issues studied of this subject, thesignificance of the topic, current research at home and abroad, literature analysis andinnovation and lack of this topic.Chapter1studies the social nature and motivation of Russian businesses policy;1861Russia established a policy of capitalist way of development of national industryand commerce, but the development of large-scale industry was the main intention ofthe government of the country, but only a means to implement the capitalist way thegovernment was forced to take in order to achieve the purpose of achieving nationalindustry and commerce to take off the springboard analysis Chancellor of theExchequer’s industrial and commercial ideas in1861-1905and implementation of keyinitiatives, and then elaborates several important issues on the trade policy1905-1914.Early20th century, the political and economic situation in Russia began to deteriorate,the government policy of industrial and commercial development has been questioned,so the government circles around the introduction of foreign investment andprotective tariffs and other issues were in a fierce debate.Chapter2examines issues of the industrial and commercial administrativeauthorities, consultative and business owners’ organization. The country’s economicdevelopment requires the formation of a separate ministry of industry and commerceauthorities objectively overall management affairs, and therefore trade and industryrestructuring program of management authorities has repeatedly been proposed. Because the Treasury authority was too strong, the restructuring program was shelvedIt focuses on the analysis of institutional management and restructuring businessesstruggle. It also introduces the background and significance of the formation of theMinistry of Industry and Commerce.1905State Duma and the Cabinet meetings havebeen established, the management structure of state organs has undergone majorchange. The restructuring of state-owned assets, the Ministry of Agriculture and theMinistry of Finance has become so super huge department, commercial and industrialcentral administrative authority separated from the Treasury out, the formation of aseparate ministerial authority It elaborates development process of consultativeauthorities of Industry and Commerce and the role of the main organizations.Chapter3examines the trade tax policy. First, it analyzes the reasons for the tradetax reform, elaborates the long and complex process of tax reform, emphasizes thecontribution made by several finance ministers to reform, and finally reveals theimpact of the reforms on different companies. After the abolition of serfdom inRussia’s industry and commerce it entered a fast track of development, but the delayin the completion of the trade tax reform, not only hindered the country’s economicdevelopment, but also affected the state budget revenues. In1863Ministry of Financeissued a new tax regulations, the ordinance failed to eliminate the tax class of features,business tax system still had many shortcomings.1980s, industrial and commercialtax laws have not yet introduced the scale and corporate profits tax as standard, whichled to the tax imbalance.1898new sales tax regulations of the business as a taxableobject, raise taxes and surcharges fixed standards imposed on all corporate profits tax,while the proportion of fixed capital subject to corporate tax, this time to the Russiantax system progressive rationalization direction. Different tax reform on Industrial andcommercial enterprises had a significant impactChapter4analyzes the protective tariff policy in Russia. First,it discusses thecourse of a century’s tariff adjustment and reveals the flexibility of tariff policy withthe example of adjusting machine import tariffs. Mid-19th century, the Russiansestablished beefing railway policy, the government began to loosen restrictions on themetals and machinery and equipment imports, the rapid expansion of the nationalrailway network. In order to protect national industries in Russia from the1870s thecountry continued to strengthen the level of protective tariffs, and in the1990s itestablished the mandatory protective tariff policy Finally it proves an important roleof protective tariff policy in the development of industry, increasing public revenueand improving the trade balance with detailed data. Chapter5analyzes the issue of attracting foreign investment in Russia. Discussesin detail about the interprises of United Kingdom, France, Germany and Belgium inRussia, the main areas of its capital investment and the proportion of foreigninvestment in Russia. British-owned mainly for metallurgy, mining, machinerymanufacturing, and petroleum industries. French capital mainly for Russianmetallurgy, mining and petroleum industries. German companies through theestablishment of subsidiaries conduct business in Russia, the main capital wasinvested in Russia’s power industry and chemical industry. Belgium major capitalinvestment in Russian metallurgy, coal, metal processing, machinery manufacturingand urban rail transportation industryBy studying the Russian debt material it combinsthe ratio and the specific data of foreign investment on the Russian railroadconstruction. Finally it analyzes an important impact of foreign investment in Russiaon economic development.The Conclusion is about that the period of1861-1914years is an importantprocess of the Russian extraordinarily rapid industrial and commercial developmentduring Russian development history. Because Former finance minister and minister oftrade and industry had different ideas on industrial and commercial development,while influenced by the political and economic situation in the country, the focus oftheir work is different, but ministers has consistently adhered to these policies of theprotective tariffs, the introduction of foreign capital and biulding railway. Therationalization of the commerce and industry tax system protected the smoothdevelopment of industrial enterprises. Foreign investment has accelerated the speed ofthe national railway construction to expand the domestic market, merchandise sales,and promote the further development of Russian industry and commerce. Protectivetariff policy limited imports of foreign goods, it not only effectively protected thenational industry and commerce, but also made the foundation of foreign enterprises’investment. Growth in foreign investment made a rapid development of petroleum,metallurgy, mining, machinery manufacturing, electricity and chemical industries.Therefore, the trade policy witch the Russian government has insisted for a long timeis a huge driving force of the nation’s rapid development of industry and commerce.