The Mechanism And Model On Public Employment Scale And Structure Optimization

At present, China is in a dual transition period of economic and social transition, the government not only shoulder the economic development, but also bear the major responsibility of social reform and transformation. Obviously, responsibilities and functions of our government need to dynamically adjust to adapt to this historic mission. Public employment scale is the important human resources to achieve the government responsibilities and functions, the degree of matching between public employment scale and government functions, affecting the effective play of the government functions. Therefore, the important question, how to develop a scientific and rational public employment scale and structure is placed in front of the government. Thus, academic value and practical significance of this scientific issues of the mechanism of public employment scale and structure optimization will be prominent.This dissertation make three aspects of work. First, based on the system science theory, public choice theory, new public management theory and new public service theory, the dissertation qualitative research on the relationship between the public employment scale, government spending scale and government functions scale to get the complex dominant structure between the three scale. On this basis, the application of methods of literature research, expert consultation and the DEMATEL-ISM integrated to study the complex relationship between the factors of the dominant structural, that led to the complex factors are hierarchical and structured, and find the important factors, root factors and affecting mechanisms of public employment scale. Research shows that:(1) the population size, urbanization level, economy size, government finance size, fiscal decentralization, the number of administrative division and area, industrial structure, market-oriented degree, folk nongovernmental organizations and administrative reform are important factors.(2) industrial structure is the deep root factor, by conduction of five middle indirect factors(economy size, market-oriented degree, administrative reform, population size and urbanization level) and four surface indirect factors(government finance size, fiscal decentralization, the number of administrative division and area and folk nongovernmental organizations), deep root factor through many ways to achieve the effect on public employment scale. Among many ways, there exists an important way which is from industrial structure, urbanization level, urbanization level, folk nongovernmental to public employment scale. This shows that the depth of market-oriented reform, the promoting of the urbanization construction and the rise of the social power of folk nongovernmental organizations in China, have an intermediary effect on the impact of industrial structure to public employment scale.(3) there is the indirect nonlinear conduction mechanism which is from economy size, market-oriented degree, folk nongovernmental organizations to public employment scale. It means that in the Chinese scenario, we should from the three-dimensional perspective of market, society and government to understand influence mechanism of economy size to public employment scale.Secondly, from two perspectives to study the determine mechanism of public employment scale.On one hand, from the perspective of efficiency evaluation, under the dual goals of economic growth and social development to study determine mechanism of efficiency of public employment scale. The dissertation, as a guide of Pareto optimal, as the foundation of entrepreneurial government theory and new public service theory, considers public employment scale as a scarce human resource for providing public services and public administration, from the efficiency view of the input to the output contribution of economic growth and social development, to determine the optimal scale. Thirty-one local governments at the provincial level in mainland China as the research object, using the DEA method, the dissertation calculates efficiency of public employment scale of thirty-one local governments in mainland China under different perspectives on economic growth and social development, and using Tobit regression model to correct efficiency, and correction efficiency are used to depict the gap between the actual public employment scale and the optimal public employment scale, and then get theoretically optimal scale of China’s overall public employment. Further, using the methods of spatial econometric and DEA-Tobit two-stage to research spatial correlation mechanism and different factors on provincial local government public employment scale. The empirical results show that:(1) the average scale of thirty-one local governments public employment scale at the provincial level in mainland China in 2012 is considered the actual scale of the national public employment, under the efficiency perspective of economic growth, the actual public employment scale(1.29919%) is higher than the theoretical optimal scale(1.14865%), and under the efficiency perspective of social development, the actual public employment scale is less than the theoretical optimal scale(1.89336%). It means that in the double transition period, the measure of China’s public employment scale is no longer a single standard, should from the multiple perspectives, such as economy, society and human all-round development to measure public employment scale.(2) efficiency of local government public employment scale of 31 provinces have spatial heterogeneity, uneven development and spatial aggregation which illustrates that there are phenomenon of functional spillover and political spillover when using this particular resources.(3) Population density, per capita GDP, fiscal expenditure scale, the dependence of foreign trade openness, urbanization, level of residents education and amount of government fixed assets are key determinants of efficiency of public employment scale. However, the factors have different impacts across the 31 provinces which shows that there are different ways for different provinces to improve the efficiency.On the other hand, from the perspective of dynamic economics to understand relationship between public employment scale and economic growth. Based on theories of Keynesian economics, Wagner’s law and system science, the application the idea of dynamic economic theory, taking time-series data from 1978 to 2012 in China as an example, the dissertation establishes the differential model of China’s public employment scale(GMB) and economic growth(GDP) nonlinear dynamical system(G-GNLDS), reveals the complex and dynamic non-linear relationship between GMB and GDP and determines optimal public employment scale. The results show that:(1) there exists the bidirectional interactive nonlinear relationship between GMB and GDP. China’s GMB accelerates GDP growth. However, the impact on GDP to GMB has been proved to be more complex. When the GMB is less than 1.06294%, GDP growth contributes to GMB expansion, and when the GMB is more than 1.06294%, GDP growth tends to be an obvious obstacle on GMB expansion. Therefore, we can not conclude that whether Wagner’s law is valid or invalid solely in China’s situation, we should put the Wagner’s law in the background of China’s reform and opening up, consider the relationship between the government and the market, the government and society, which is from the three-dimensional view of government, market and society to accurately and objectively understand and evaluate the relationship between China’s public employment scale and economic growth.(2) the authigenic effect of GMB expansion is comprised of a negative feedback and a positive feedback, forming a Logistic mechanism, which documents that GMB has growth limit and the limit is optimal public employment scale(2.29277%). The actual public employment scale of China in 2012 is 1.13845%, compared with the optimal scale, find that currently, the actual scale is less than optimal scale, so there is an expanded space of China’s GMB.(3) the scale of China’s GMB and GDP stay in sub-optimal and non-equilibrium operation state. Optimal scale control experiments further indicate that we should establish joint control of mechanism oriented to the control of GMB and based on moderate GDP growth.Finally, from two perspectives to study the mechanism of pub1 ic employment scale structure optimization.First, from the perspective of the promotion of government functions transformation, on the basis of analysis of adaptability relationship between the optimal allocation of public employment scale and transformation of government functions and sort out scope of government functions, the dissertation designs policy-making system and model about the optimal allocation of the local government pub1 ic employment scale. After considering the role in promoting of government functions transformation to scale optimization, this model uses various factors to describe the transformation of government functions, with the aid of the panel co-integration test to identify the factors that have long-term impact on the adjustment of local governments public employment scale, by means of the panel model on the basis of long-term factors, obtains affecting mechanisms of the adjustment of local governments public employment scale, and then gets the adjustment programs of local government pub1 ic employment scale. Taking Jiangxi province as an example to practical application, and the adjustment program achieves the goal of controlling total amount, revitalizing the stock, optimizing the structure and having reduced with increased.Second, from the perspective of the competition and cooperation between local governments, the dissertation studies game mechanism of local government public employment scale, analyzes the game behavior on the factors and their weights of optimal allocation of public employment scale, and designs optimal allocation model of public employment scale based on efficiency and bargaining game. On the premise of guaranteeing the efficiency of resource allocation and through the repeated game and the cooperation between local governments, this model obtains factors, weighting and optimal allocation scale which are accepted by each local government, and then obtains adjustment programs of every local government. Finally, taking eleven cities in Jiangxi province as an example to practical application, the practical application indicates that the optimal allocation model has a certain feasibility and rationality. Compared with the adjustment programs from a single perspective of the promotion of government functions transformation, this optimal adjustment programs not only achieves the goal of controlling total amount, revitalizing the stock, optimizing the structure and having reduced with increased, but also embodies the principle of balancing efficiency and equality.In this dissertation, there are three aspects of innovation. First, consider public employment scale as a scarce human resource for providing public services and public administration, from the efficiency view of the input to the contribution of economic growth and social development, to determine the optimal scale. Second, the application of dynamic economic theory and approach to establish the nonlinear dynamical system model of China’s public employment scale and economic growth, and get coupling effect, spillovers effect and its evolution tracks of interaction between public employment scale and economic growth, so all of this indicating optimal public employment scale and the existence of the optimal path control. Third, construct optimal allocation model of public employment scale based on efficiency and bargaining game, build the balancing mechanism of efficiency and fairness, whereby the mechanism, has been the adjustment programs of local governments public employment scale to achieve structural optimization of scale.