On The Construction Of The Tang Dynasty Three Surrender The City, And Salt Chow

Frontier cities were namely the administrative cities with state-country levels within the scope of frontier states,also included the cities where Military towns and Shouzhuo located.Due to the dual opposition between nomadic culture and agriculture culture,there appeared on one unique phenomenon that the northern normadic ethnic groups southing became a customary and frequent behavior during our country medieval history.In order to resist effectivly northern grassland normadic groups southing,the past central plains dynasties gave more and more manpower and material resources,used many kinds of measures,such as to build Great Wall,station army on frontier zone,armied counterattack,political marry,etc.But Tang Dynasty was a abnormal case,without large-scale building Great Wall,Tang Dynasty spared no effort to build lots of frontier cities on frontier zone.The studing objects of this article were the three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city.This paper studied the northern and western frontier situation before building three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city in Tang Dynasty.It also studied the reasons,process,scale and set-up,related facilities,significance and function of three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city.It probed into the relationship between Tang Dynasty and main ethnic groups around Tang Dynasty, for example,Tujue,Tibet,Huihe,Dangxiang,etc.The whole article was divided into six parts.Preface included four parts,the first part introduced the reasons why to choose the subject.These reasons were that Tang's frontier cities had special significance,they were the main material tools to protect Tang's frontier line;the importance and particularity of Guannei Dao itself where three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city located;the geographical position and significance of three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city had a little specialer than other frontier cities during Tang Dynasty;it was a novel way to study ethnic relationship through frontier cities in Tang Dynasty.The second part introduced and sorted the main research achievements related with the topic from the following eight aspects:the researches into relationshiop between Tang and East-Tujue,the researches into relationship between Tang and Xueyantuo,the researches into relationship between Tang and northern Tiele groups,the researches into relationship between Tang and Late-Tujue, the researches into three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city,the researches into relationship between Tang and Tibet,the researches into relationship between Tang and Huihe,the researches into the change and migration of Chanyu and Anbei Duhufu.The third part illustrated the goals which this paper make every effort to achieve to.The fourth part illustrated the main research methods used by this paper. The first chapter probed into the northern frontier situation before building three Shouxiang cites in Tang Dynasty.The chapter was divided into three sections.Section one separately inspected the process of rising and falling of three nomadic states on northern grassland,such as East-Tujue kingdom,Xueyantuo kingdom,Yizhuchebi Kehan regime,and analyzed their falling reasons.These reasons involved in several factors,for instance,natural disaster,the internal rift in kingdom,the rising of different ethnic groups,the central plains dynastic military attack,etc.This section emphatically probed into the measures of resettlement made by Tang on the remains after previous kingdoms or regime had been conquered,namely widely practiced Jimifuzhou system on the northern boundaries and analysed the reasons why Jimifuzhou system could operated successfully.The second section described detailly the process of the remains of East-Tujue rioting,emphaticly analyzed the reasons of their riots.They were the disadvantage of Jimifuzhou themselves,the years of martial conquest for Tang Dynasty had aggravated East-Tujue military burden,caused East-Tujue public discontent,the serious polarization between the rich and the poor and class antagonism in East-Tujue,Tibetan rising and northing,the internal power struggle in Tang Dynasty,the simple and rude management of individual officials in Chanyu Duhufu directly led to the chiefs'strong discontent of East-Tujue,etc.The third section examined the process of Later-Tujue kingdom's development and expansion and the armed attack to Tang Dynasty.The second chapter discussed the process of building three Shouxiang cities and their significance,which could be divided into two sections. Section one firstly described the construction process of three Shouxiang cities,secondly investigated their construction time,geographical location,four reached traffic lines,related facilities such asYacheng,Zicheng,Luocheng,Yangmacheng,Yongmen,Wengcheng,Yuec heng and all previous repairs and the resulted debate in Tang Dynasty. Section two demonstrated the historic status and role of three Shouxiang cities during Tang Dynasty:outpost of conquering north,station for frontier army,to prevent and crack down the rebellion in northern frontier zone,the communicated and marketed window with northern nomadic groups,the long-term station of Anbei Duhufu,the function of warning,Tang Dynasty actively reclaimed wastelands near the three Shouxiang cities,developed the local economy.The third chapter probed into the repaired times background of Yanzhou city,which could be divided into two sections.Section one made a systematic sorting on the relationship between Tang and Tibet,emphaticly discussed Tibetan easting movement after Anshi Rebellion.Section two described the defense measures of Tang Dynasty in northwest Chang'an in order to prevent Tibetan aggressive attack to Tang,for instance,to create defending-autumn system,remould frontier army system,reclaim wastelands,repair frontier castles in northwest Chang'an.The fourth chapter presented the building of Yanzhou city and its significance.This chapter involved in two sections.Section one introduced the historical origin,geographical position of Yanzhou city,the reasons why to repair it as well as repaired process.Section two discussed the historic status and important role of Yanzhou city,such as fighting Tibetan easting,preventing the riot of Dangxiang.In conclusion,this article summaried the specific reasons why Tang Dynasty was willing to select frontier cities,not the Great Wall,discussed the development and change rule on relationship that three Shouxiang cities and Yanzhou city presented between Tang Dynasty and ethnic groups.