| This thesis consists of three parts. The part1is Preface,The part2is the main text,The part3is conclusion.The part1"Preface" includes five aspects,they are theoretical review about religious theory,research intention and research hypothesis,research design and measure instrument, research methods, the specific research procedures.The purpose is to make the research process more standardizing, taking the guide role of actual operation.The part2is the main text. I compare the domestic and foreign researchers and results, summarize and discuss the research in5chapters.The chapter1is the analysis,clarification and comparison on the current students' beliefs of religious and non-religious, from the theory and actual performance.The chapter2is an interpretation in detail about the substance and the impact on the results of the religious attribution process, along with the correlation analysis about their attitudes to religious beliefs and self-awareness results.The chapter3analyzes and summarizes various obvious beneficial effects to believers holding religious belief and the reasons.The chapter4analyzes and summarizes the negative impact of religious belief and performances.The chapter5is a general summary of the faith cognitive, feelings and action of the faith groups and implicit faith groups, based on the findings of contemporary college students, hoping to help this group to establish a more objective and fair attitude towards knowledge, at the same time, avoid the existing negative impact on their lives due to cognitive biases.The following is a general introduction from four aspects:First, The domestic and foreign related research and the test result analysis and discussionThe chapter1carries on the analysis and clarification to the essence of religious belief and non-religious belief. First, it profits from the overseas related research which emphasis not using the simply dichotomy method to distinguish the religion and non-religion people. It makes it explicit that faith has broader covering scope than belief has, non-religious people also can possibly have firm life faith. The believers often hesitates to decide, the non-religious believers can also reverently pray, thus it is very difficult to say they do not have religion completely.Next, with the tool of questionnaire, psychology projective testing, case interview and so on, I limit "hidden believers of religion" in the ordinary university student community. Meanwhile, the test data and the analysis of the psychological projection have reflected various differences in the belief background, belief practice, belief age limit and so on, between the religious students and hidden religious students. The difference between sex and the belief background has correlation, causing the remarkable difference in understanding and the appraisal among the hidden religious students, non-religious students and the religious students.Thirdly, the difference between the Chinese and foreign cultural context also causes significant difference between the domestic and foreign religious votary, including the difference between the believers'status, its "inborn nature" and "developing nature", the difference between the utility and non-utility in the "intrinsic religious orientation" and "external religious orientation", the age characteristic existing in "the exploring religious orientation", confirms the characteristic difference between the Chinese and the Western votaries one by one.Fourth, believers of different religious orientation have different effective method "dealing with the religion" when facing the pressure of imporment events, of which the most commonly used is praying. This thesis explains the essence of praying effect, using the phenomenon of "illusory correlation" in the social psychology. Pray can indeed take many positive consequences to the human, thus becoming the common way for people to reduce high pressure and gain peaceful mind, which is frequently used between implicit religion students and the non-religion students when facing difficulties. Hence, this research is basically consistent with abroad research.Finally, this thesis carries on analysis and the summary of the main conclusions about the self-evaluation of subjective survival conditions of various students' communities, their views about "graduation means unemployment", the influence that household income condition has on the satisfaction with their subjective life degree, whether there exists belief questioning and the vacillation and so on. All of these have provided sufficient arguments for the innovation of this research.Second, Analysis and comparison with the essence of attribution and the result of religious attribution testThe chapter2explores the essence of attribution and the test comparison with the university students'religious attribution. First, attribution and attribution theory have been an important research area in social psychology. Religious attribution has its ingrained psychological root, namely coming from the need of human inherent significance, control, societies and so on. There are many kinds of attribution theories, in which Spilka et.al. created "the general attribution theory", which has suitable value in the domain of religious psychology, making the understanding of religious attribution more profoundly, uniting religion psychology research results. Next, in specific situation, whether we begin using religious attribution will have influences on two important factors, namely, the situation where the event occurs and the attribution style of the attributors. The former includes four kinds of concrete factors: the attributors'characteristics, background of the attributors and the events' characteristic, background of the events. This thesis tries to prove that the religion background has effect on the explanation of important events, through designing12hypothesized stories. The religious students have extremely obvious religious attribution tendency, but non-religious students use little religious attribution, recessive religious students reside between them. Religious students have different related level of religious belief according to their attribution to the positive or negative events. The differences in positive events more remarkable, hence, they attribute more positive events to God' arrangement, obtaining a higher degree of satisfaction and happy experience from this attribution tendency.Third, I make it clear that an important result about religious attribution is to increase believer's control faith. The involvement of religious consciousness has caused subtle transformation of the tendency to the believers'inside and outside attribution. The believers entrust all the things to the God with piety, showing a kind of external stable religious attribution. This powerful and incomparable credible strength causes believer's control faith to enhance greatly, thinking that all the existing things and their occurrences are manifestations of God's intention. Therefore, the believers strengthen the tendency to the internal control point, thinking that they can control their occurrences on the certain extent. Meanwhile, the involvement of religious beliefs enables the female to have more obvious intrinsic tendency on the locus of controlcompared to the male. Moreover, more females regard God as the symbol of affection, but the males regard God as punitive or non-personified multi-purpose owner. All in all, the involvement of religious belief enables the general tendency of the inside and outside locus of control to change.People with religious belief or not will differ from the tendency of the inside and outside locus of control, the male or female also have differences in locus of control tendency.Besides being influenced by the external situation factor, people are also influenced by the intrinsic psychological mechanism in choosing religious attribution, namely, they are self-fulfilling prophecies with affirmation function, the endeavor of restoring cognitive dissonance, experiencing the society learning process, the three of which form the construction of the religious faith that are supported and used mutually.Fourth, I summaries several kinds of "mini-theories" constructed by society psychologists, using common custom terminology to describe the process by which human explains their daily events, each theory may be used in explaining the specific phenomenon of attribution, providing rich creative viewpoints for the confirmation of religious explanation, such as the theory of situation definition, the theory of emotion arousal, the theory self-perception, the theory of self-presentation, cognitive dissonance theory and so on.Fifth, I carries on a survey to the success and the defeat attribution between the religious belief and non-religious belief students, discovered that there exists remarkable difference about the "success and defeat" attribution tendency for the test about the religious and unreligious believers. The religious believers all stress the strength of the sacredness, demonstrating the outside locus of control attribution tendency. Non-religious believers more stress individuals'function, demonstrating the general inside locus of control attribution characteristics. Rotter's locus of control theory and Wiener's Achievement motivation theory carry on the explanation to the performance of attribution difference and its consequence caused by the difference about the religious and non-religious believers on the certain extent.Sixth, I makes the summarizing discussion, explaining four characteristics of religious attribution caused by religious belief. First, there is a certain deviation between the religious attribution explanation and the real reason for the events. Second, religious attribution has strong cultural characteristics. Third, to the religious believers, the utilizing function of the religious attribution helps them to reduce the pressure formed in the real life. Fourth, religious attribution also has good self-strengthened function.Third, Positive side and negative side of religious beliefsThe chapter3carries on the summary about the positive effect of religious beliefs. First, it describes the characteristic and effect of the mystical religious experience, which has very good invigoration effect to the religious belief as the religious bonus. Thus people who have experienced the mystical religious experience become more reverent. The richer religious experience he has, the higher will be the possibility of religious attribution to the event under the specific situation. The mystical religious experience can take all kinds of positive consequence to the human, including the manner of intimating with the society, promoting the individual self-respect effectively, increasing people'happy experience and so on.Second, it summarizes the performance and the reason for the sense of happiness influenced by religious belief. The first, the religious belief makes people experience the intimate relation with God, providing the certainty of existence, promoting the physical and moral integrity, The construction of the subjective self-experience made by the believers, the activities organized by church has positive and moderate influence on the believers'sense of happiness. Next, the optimism tendency cultivated by religious belief and the style of religious attribution has a very good adjustment to believing good luck and the relations to psychological happiness. Once more, the research has discovered that the religious and non-religious believers have generally experienced "mild-experience of religious", confirming the universality of religious characteristics.Third, it promulgates that the religious conversion is the essence of conformity and transformation, the religious explanation frame helps people to realize the meaningful transformation of experiencing crisis. There are many social or situational factors influence conversive behavior, including the powerful intelligence transmission, the specific situation, hope for friendship before converting, disadvantageous experience in childhood, and relationship with his family members and so on. Conversion makes the believer strengthen the integrated ability of experiencing the crisis, promoting the sense of happiness.Fourth, it carries on the explanation about how religious belief reduces the death concern and death anxiety. The theory of death anxiety arousal promulgate an important attribute to the religious source, the human has attempted to reduce the anxiety and fear caused by death with religious explanation. The religious faith reduces believers'fear of death and anxiety on the verge of death through cultivating the control sense which the human pursues effectively, to a certain extent.Fifth, it reveals the influence on self-respect level made by religion belief. On the one hand, different religious belief and the self-respect level influence mutually, displaying that religious belief affects people's self-respect level, inappropriate religious training will be likely to raise believers'low self-respect, on the contrary, the believers' different self-respect level may affect imagination result to God.Sixth, it gives a summary of the reason for positive influence made by religious belief. The first is the causal attribution, the believers'religious attribution style make it easier to maintain optimism and high self-respect. Next, the effective control faith helps the believers to avoid the learned helplessness, raising high self-efficacy, making people firmly believe the authority of choice, meanwhile, cultivating the believers'amenable manner, well integrating into the community and adapting to society.The chapter4summarizes the negative influence taken to people by their religious belief. What the religious belief takes to the human is not all positive influence, it has four aspects of negative performance, just like the sun also has the black moles. First of all, the religious belief may be likely to cause dissonance of self-cognition, causing believers'weakness, producing self-repression and increasing hostility within the group. It can also cause the believers'self-satisfaction illusion and comparison of moral superiority complex, accustomed to dependent life, giving up his individual responsibility and the rights.Next, the religious belief can possibly cause dissonance of other-cognition, having superiority feeling of self-moral, favoring his community members, while having prejudice and repel to another community members.Thirdly, the religious belief affects people's view to the reality and the attitude to the world.The believer may be possibly limited to religious doctrine, forming narrow thought, therefore, they maintenance traditional religious doctrine stiffly, suppressing new thought, having excessively conservative brains, forming the limitation of the cognition. Many religious systems encourage the believers to make well distributed-like judgment to close the various missing doctrines which can not be explained, causing the belief eclecticism. In explaining and understanding event process, the believers tend to make the relevant illusion explanation, attributing all the result to God intended arrangement.Fourth, the religious belief affects the attitude to God and religious endeavor. Many believers are imperfect about the God concept, sometimes it can only be stored cautiously in the "religious belief greenhouse" constructed by the pious believer, making it very difficult to undergo the outside attack. The believers'religious choice and understanding are not formed naturally, the religious doctrines sometimes also emphasize the understanding after reasonable thought, causing the thinkers'question and hesitation to decide. There are also parts of believers who are influenced by specific factor, such as unstable social condition, pursuing explicit significance excessively and so on, causing frantic fervor to religion, which also possibly gives enormous impact on social stability.Fourth, The theoretical base and outcome analysis of religiousness surveyThe chapter5investigates the difference in religious characteristic aspect among the religious, non-religious and hidden believers community from the angle of religious social psychology. The current research about individual's religious difference domain mainly includes four aspects:cognition, emotion, habit and behavior. The religious survey carries on the comparison among these three communities, discovering that the seminary students have remarkable difference with other two communities in the four aspects of religious characteristics.The research summarizes three kinds of primary factors affecting the believers' religiousness:family background, peer community and age. It summarizes the reason for theological seminary students'satisfaction with his situation:first of all, the religious faith'insurance has provided the full meaning of life; second, the simple and peaceful living conditions have guaranteed undisturbance by unbelief factor from the outside; third, the diverse religious life brings more positive experience to the human; fourth, it makes a person easier to have a gentle mood by not comparing with the upward society; fifth, adaption-level phenomenon makes a person physical and mental health after joining the religious group; sixth, the optimistic attitude cultivated by religious belief will make the believers anticipate the next life, tolerate the disadvantageous situation in the living world; seventh, the bad social economic status reduce the degree of setback adjusted by belief.The part3is Conclusion.It's mainly hackles all the valuable test result, summarizes the statistic datas of the innovation of this research conclusion in theoretical, practical and applicable aspect.There are two aspects on the theoretical value of this research.First, Spilka et.al. created "the general attribution theory", which has suitable value in the domain of religious psychology, making the understanding of religious attribution more profoundly, uniting religion psychology research results. summaries several kinds of "mini-theories" constructed by society psychologists, using common custom terminology to describe the process by which human explains their daily events, each theory may be used in explaining the specific phenomenon of attribution, providing rich creative viewpoints for the confirmation of religious explanation, such as the theory of situation definition, the theory of emotion arousal, the theory self-perception, the theory of self-presentation, cognitive dissonance theory and so on.I makes the summarizing discussion, explaining four characteristics of religious attribution caused by religious belief.Second, using a new translated word "religious bonus" to describe the beneficial experience in the living world brought to the believers by religious belief and the influential effect on the believers'psychology and the behavior.Third,utilizing a new method,using the condition self-evaluation score of subjective living situation to appraise the influential effect of religious belief for the first time.Next, the original conclusion reflected by the test data. This thesis has gained mass data through real investigation, drawing13profitable and quotable conclusions altogether, through the analysis to these statistical data.The mainly actual utility of this test result refer to the profitable value to the school superintendent.
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