Ontological Philosophical Critique

This dissertation is a monograph to study the essence of the transformation of Karl Marx's philosophy from the perspective of as a model of philosophy".In the monograph, the Chinese term is not regarded as the translation of the English term "Ontology", and is not regarded as a branch of philosophy. The monograph regards it as a special model of philosophical theory. The whole monograph sets off its discussions from the philosophy perspective.The research method adopted by the author is to combine the history of western philosophy with Karl Marx's philosophical texts to reveal the truth and significance of the transformation in Karl Marx's philosophy by comparing the history and analyzing the texts.As title of the dissertation, "critique of ontology" includes two different comprehensions, that is: "philosophical critique of ontology" and "criticism of ontology as a model of philosophy ". The first division of the dissertation is to mainly discuss the former, that is, to discuss the etymology of "ontology", Chinese translation of "ontology" and the other related terms with ontology, and to make philological studies of academic history of ontology. The second division is to mainly discuss the latter, that is, to make a contemporary explanation of the criticism on traditional ontological philosophy raised by Karl Marx's philosophy.The dissertation includes one preface, ten chapters of main body and one appendix.Chapter ONE discusses the questions of presuppositions and methods. It offers a key for revealing the puzzle of ontology by distinguishing the two concepts "Morphology of Philosophy" and "Model of Philosophy", revealing the theoretical hypothesis that supported the Western traditional philosophy. In addition, the chapter discusses some principles which should be followed when the hermeneutic method is adopted to interpret the texts of Karl Marx' philosophy.Chapter TWO comprehensively and deeply comments on accomplished research achievements in academic fields, analyzes related questions of theory, thus providing the monograph with solution of applying terms.Chapter THREE analyzes the following related key terms by means of language and logical analysis: Sein and Seiende, origin and essence, substance and accident, reality and phenomenon, relation and mood or situation.Chapter FOUR examines the following questions: the concept "arche" in pre-Socratic philosophy, Plato's "Idea", Aristotle's "Metaphysics", the question of "substance" and "ontological argument of the existence of God" in Godfather's philosophy and Scholasticism.Chapter FIVE mainly discusses the question of "substance" in empiricism and rationalism, and their inner contradictions, criticism of "ontology" in David Hume's and Immanuel Kant's philosophy, the essence of Hegel's philosophy, the destiny of "ontology" in modem western philosophy.Chapter SIX makes an original investigation into the Karl Marx's philosophy. The chapter mainly studies Marx's early texts from Different der demokratischen und epikureischen Nalmphilosophie to Die deutsche Ideologie during 1841-1846. The author holds that, it was in the process of criticizing traditional ontology of philosophy, which took Hegel as representative, that Marx created a new practical materialist philosophy that pay attention to real life, thus fulfilling the revolutionary transformation in the realm of philosophy.Chapter SEVEN tries to reveal the essence of transformation in Karl Marx's philosophy from the perspective of philosophy. The transformation was not only expressed in its concrete theoryviews, but also in its philosophical perspective. It changed the object, character and function of philosophy, and changed the way of putting philosophical questions and the mode of thinking that approach philosophy questions.Chapter EIGHT elucidates "world-outlook" of Karl Marx's philosophy. Different from the usual view that regard the "world-outlook" as "view on the world", the monograph holds that world-outlook of philosophy is "perspective of observing the world".