| It was an important event in Sichuan's social development history that Chongqing was opened as a trading port in the late Qing Dynasty, which brought great changes to Sichuan's social closing system. Afterwards, Sichuan was enrolled in the capitalist market leading to a slow change in Sichuan's cities and villages. From the beginning of Chongqing's being a trading port, focusing on the import and export trade, this dissertation will discuss the changing tendency in the regional economy, social organization, and cultural education from the tradition to the modern society in the history of Sichuan in the late Qing Dynasty. The main contents are as follows:Chapter 1 analyzes the forms of Chongqing's foreign trade system after it was opened. After Chongqing was opened, Sichuan was certainly influenced by the modern capitalist international markets. In Chongqing, the foreign trade began to increase slowly, commodities and trade structures began to change slowly. The sale channels of the local and the foreign goods and the financial service networks began to set up. The traditional "village fair" domestic trade began to become a part of new commercial circulation system. The professional markets and the city-village markets began to form and connect with one another at different levels including the regional markets in and outside Chongqing. With the functions of the markets deepening, the export-oriented function of the markets became more and more important, and finally the foreign trade system basically formed in Chongqing.Chapter 2 discusses the influence on Sichuan's cities and villages' economic development after Chongqing's being a trading port. To most degree, the process of Chongqing's being a trading port is a process in which foreign and local goods enlarged and increased. On the one hand, the foreign trade made many towns become bigger in the process of economic exchanging activities, and become the local economic centers and the important economy bases. Not only the cities and towns were the commercial centers, but also many financial services and modern industry also developed in some towns. On the other hand, Sichuan's stable agriculture came under attack by the foreign trade. Many foreign goods flowed to the villages, dissolved the plough-and-spin natural economy. Many agricultural goods' export led to the changes of the agricultural economy structures and the development of the agricultural commercial economy in some villages.Chapter 3 focuses on the changes of Chongqing's social organization after it was opened. With the opening of Chongqing, the original separated and exclusive commercial social organizations began to combine together in order to suit the needs of new commercial economy development. The small commercial groups were combined to form the commercial party, and the immigrants' guilds became a union. Theirorganization and function also changed a lot. Some people who lost their jobs and their markets joined the commercial leagues, and became members of GeLaoHui and took part in the social activities. As the social environments became civilized, many people left out of their own small circles to form a league of protecting therights of building the railway between Sichuan and Wuhan, with its purpose to protect the rights and interests of building this railway. The social organization broke the traditional closing system only based on the blood and regional relationship, began to center on the realization of the social and the individual needs, which was of obvious social characteristics.Chapter 4 mainly analyzes the new class levels after Chongqing became a trading port. The appearance of new social forces formed the base of the social changes. The new-type merchants were quite different in many aspects of ideology, psychological structure, value orientation and behavior manners. Their social influences became more and more important, especially in politics. The modern intelligent group appeared with the social economy development, they benefited from the newly- typed school... |
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