The End Of Han Wei Chin Bookmen Human Community And The Literary Changes Of Direction,

Great changes have taken place in Chinese academy during the end of Han dynasty and Wei dynasty, and the traditional literature change was one of the most remarkable aspects. The researchers usually call the change of literature in this period "the Consciousness of Literature", which is the most basic issue of literature research during Han dynasty and Wei dynasty, even in whole Chinese ancient times. And it is also a disputed issue without agreement. Traditional researchers often regarded "literature" as an independent and closed field. These researchers investigated the factors increased and how much they have increased, and regard them as criterions whether the literature is "Conscious". Because there is no universal opinion, everybody thinks his own statement is right. In fact, if the whole culture system is a network, the literature is only an important node of it. The network of culture adjusted itself constantly in the history of development, accordingly, the literature adjusted and developed all together. So it is an indispensable precondition to discuss the issue of "literature conscientious" by investigating the literature changes in the whole culture system.Investigating the development of literature and the status of authors are two basic aspects to study the literature changes during Han dynasty and Jin dynasty. Only by this way, can we make "the Consciousness of Literature" clear.This paper consists of seven chapters.Introduction discusses the issues about "the Consciousness of Literature" and the changes of literature during Han dynasty and Jin dynasty. The related researches of "the Consciousness of Literature" in the 20th century have been reviewed, which is the basis of this paper.Chapter one researches the "culture structure" and "scholar's community" in Han Dynasty. Studying Confucian classics became the core of social culture structure in Han dynasty. Accordingly, the Confucian became the mainstream of society. At the same time, in order to strengthen the authority of studying Confucian classics, the "literature" has been looked down upon, and the authors have been despised, too. Above-mentioned situations in Han Dynasty were the results of Confucians inheriting and strengthening the Ancient Confucianism tradition. In ancient cultural tradition, the utility function of the poem was strengthened gradually because of the need of building "liyue" system, but the emotional characteristic of the poem is limited day by day. So "the Book of Songs" gradually became the classics, which cannot be imitated. This influenced the development of poem and people's related understandings deeply. The circumstances of "the literature" and the status of "the authors" in Han dynasty became the preconditions of literature change in next stage.Chapter two investigates the splitting up and recombining of writer's colony in the end of Han dynasty and Cao dynasty. Traditional scholar used by the emperor had finished the transformation of thinking by Confucianism, so the struggle of objecting Confucianism has not led by them. The opportunity of culture and scholar's pattern changing appeared in the struggle of political stratums in the end of Han Dynasty. In order to fighting with Confucian, Han Ling Emperor founded "Hongduxue"-a kind ofofficial organization consists of the writers and painters. It is the first time those people who usually had been looked down upon by Confucian joined in the ruler's ranks. Cao Cao's regime represented the interests of eunuch's force, and they had inherited experiences of "Hongduxue". They appointed the personage of lower floor in a large amount, and formed the policy of Advocating Literature. Therefore, the personage of lower floor who were good at the literature creating and painting had formed a political force. This has led to the improvement of their social status, and it emblematized that the social culture structure has being changed enormously. "The literature" and "Confucian classics" begin to become equal.Chapter three researched historical changes of literary creation in Cao dynasty. In Cao dynasty, litterateurs created a lot of poems by imitating-Yue Fu poems, and this had broken the old habit or taboo that people commonly did not poetize. Therefore, the poem developed from the stage of taking music as the core to the stage of paying attention to the meaning of the words. Meanwhile, litterateurs expressed one's own emotion instead of expressing social ideals. And this had liberated the style of the poem greatly. Since then, the poetry creation has become scholar's literature. Litterateurs have created the classical literature style—"Jian'an Fenggu", which had tremendous influence on literature of later ages. It is very important to the literature development, because it not only stressed the literature characteristic but also accorded with the national traditional approval psychology. The combination of them is the key to realize "Jian'an Fenggu". The characteristic of expressing emotion has been popularized in the literature field, and the scholar paid great attention to literary creation, all of those shown that the Consciousness of Literature has already appeared tentatively.Chapter four researches the literature of Dongjin and Xijin Dynasties. Literature has deeply developed, and the basic expressive pattern of literature has finalized the design. The literary criticisms of Wei dynasty were mainly about the literature value and the writers, but the literary criticisms were mostly about the literature style in Dong Jin and Xijin Dynasties, and it indicated that literature has been developed thoroughly. In order to overthrow the Advocating Literature policy of Cao regime, and to safeguard one's own culture interests, the Xijin regime has carried on the classic transformation of literature, and this resulted in the style and features being humdrum in Xijin Dynasty. At same time, most author pay more energy on studying literature forms. The classic transformation impulse literature popularizing in the whole society, the ability of literary creation has already become a part of people's important cultural ability, so Xueyan Poem did not appeared in Xijin dynasty when Xuanxue were flourishing, but had thriving developed in Dongjin dynasty after the flourishing of Xuanxue. The develop of Xuanyan poems and Shanshui poems mean that them transcend one basic behavior mode- Confucianism fashion, the other one basic mode of literature-Daoism fashion had being established. It along with "Jian'an Fenggu" became the most proper and representative modes of literature.Chapter five investigates the scholar's affirmation to literature in Xijin and Dongjin dynasties. The literature activity in Jin Dynasty-from Launching around emperor's room members, to the ordinary bureaucrats and general social personage,...