Teacher Groups Of The New-style School During The Eastward Transmission Of Western Sciences In Late Qing Dynasty

The Eastward Transmission of Western Sciences is the cultural intercommunion trendbetween China and west in the mass.The appearence of the New-style School in late QingDynasty has many affiliations with the Eastward Transmission of Western Sciences. With theimpact of western sciences, traditional sciences began to change and in the meantime, theeducation, which having many affinities wth learnins, started transforming. The academy andstate school gradually declined, however, schools adopting wstern-style department instrnctionbegan to establish. Teacher is the vital factor in the education system. At the end of the QingDynasty, as a group, teachers come into being along with the forming of the intellectual-group,and have an extremely significant effect on modern social change and culture intercoursebetween China and west. This paper systemically research the teacher group of the new-styleschool in late Qing Dynasty, including the backgrounds, the process, the sign, the constitution,the consciousness, the behavior, the chacater and the status, as the emphasis on the status andeffect of culture intercourse between China and west, modernization course and social change.Basing on upper analysis, the paper will be divided into 7 parts:â… . The Eastward Transmission of Western Sciences activity and new-styleschools at the end of Qing Dynasty.the Eastward Transmission of Western Sciences as an activity is a proceeding process of theCultural Exchange Between China and the west that started in the 16th century. It had beenformed in the period between the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, and was thought highlyby monarchs at that time. When it came to the end of the Qing Dynasty, this activity could bedivided into three stages, from the Opium War to 1860 is the first stage, at that time, westlearnings began to spread in China and had some development;The second stage is from 1860' to1890', a large quantity of west learnings poured into China;then from 1890' to the early 20thcentury is the third stage, west learnings gradually converged with our local culture. The processof the Eastward Transmission of Western Sciences represented the common trend ofcommunication between cultures, that is, from quantitative change to qualitative change. Theappearance and development of the new-style schools can be originated to the Capital TongwenHall which was established in 1863. As traditional Imperial Examination slowly declined,old-style Private School and Classical Academy became more and more difficult to meet theneeds of the society development, we can say that new-style schools were sure to emerge. Aseries of causes could prove this: traditional educational system fell into a critical situationbecause what it taught was somewhat aeriality and alienated from reality;Classical Academybelonged to Imperial Examination;bribery and cheating cases often occur. The development ofthe new-style schools is also related with the administration crisis of the Qing government. TheDefence in the Opium Wars forced our society stepped into the Modern Times. But theWesternization Movement didn't make China as rich as it had expected, and the jiawu Sino-JapanWar Threatend our country's existence. The urgent national crisis forced the intellectuals tostepped into the booming period, so The Hundred Days' Reform followed into being. Heroes inthis reform, such as Tan Si-tong and Liang Qi-chao, tried to save our country by the reformingand they did a lot in education field, like abandon Eight-part Essay, change Strategy, establishnew schools and so on. Although The Hundred Days' Reform was suppressed by theconservatives, educational reform didn't stop. After the alliance military of eight countriesinvaded into china, the Qing government was forced to change and carry out the new deal. Theeducation reform was standing in the gap. After the Turning Point of reforming in Jing ShiCollege, many provinces started the Upsurge of establishing the new-style schools. Then theQing government issued policies of the Education Reformation, which including new educationalsystem, reformation of Old-style Private School and Classical Academy, establishment of thenew-style schools and etc. Someone may wonder whether there are any internal relationsbetween new style shools and the " West Learning Spreading to the East" activity, well, theanswer is of course yes! First, the trend of cultural communication in the Eastward Transmissionof Western Sciences Spurde new-style schools to start and develop. Second, the establishment ofthe new-style shools also advanced the cultural communication between China and west. What'smore, the relationship between them is mutual effect and reciprocal causation, they promote eachother.â…¡. The Forming of the Teacher-groups in the New-style School in LateQing DynastyThe background of the teacher-group's forming in school in late Qing Dynasty has threeaspects: the cultural context of the mixture of China and the West study, the political backgroundof the dynasty's self-survival, as well as the social background of people's enlightenment. Thenew-style school teacher firstly emerged in the foreign missionary school, further developed inthe earliest modern government schools and initially formed a more independent social groupduring the reform movement of 1898. It can be checked by the school quantity, the curriculum,the matriculation population and so on, and proved by the form of a group with relativeindependent consciousness, since that Liang Qi-chao, Han wen-ju,Ye Jue-mai and so on servedat Hunan Shiwu Academy and what's more, disseminated the civil rights consciousness in theAcademy. To some large extent, its activities had pushed the upsurge of Hunan reform movementand also had formed a spectacular public opinion atmosphere.â…¢. The Analysis on the Teacher Groups in the New-style School in LateQing DynastyAny social group can be reviewed by its origin, its constitutes, its consciousness, itsactivities and so on. Considering its origin,the teacher groups in the new-style school in lateQing Dynasty can be divided into three types: homecoming students, old-style literators andpeople between two former kinds. Homecoming students are the most active part with new ideasin this group.The old-style literators, which still had its existence rationality between the new andold length of schooling, had the population superiority in quite a long time. And people betweentwo former kinds mainly mastered in practical knowledge and also had absorbed certain westernlearning, thus had more enlightened ideology. Considering its academic background, they alsocan be divided into three types: the traditional Confucianism, the practical knowledge as well asthe western learning. The three blended and dashed each other, and eventually formed a "newlearning" with complicated composition. Considering its consciousness, they can be divided intonational consciousness, government consciousness and transformation consciousness.Considering its activities, besides the teaching, their official duty work mainly was translation,the edition of section books;and their social activities included starting the revolutionpropaganda, the participation in governmental affairs and so on.â…£. Invidual Cases of the Teacher Groups in New-style School in Late QingDynastyThe different origin of the teachers in the new-style school in late Qing Dynasty had causedthe complication of the group constitutes, which affected the groups' consciousness and thebehavior. To some large extent, the different structure level in the group restricted itsdevelopment direction. The group's different types had their different representatives. Therefore,the paper has selected the representatives as follows: Chen Yan's biography, Cai Yuan-pei'seducation practice, and Qian Xuan-tong's education practice. It has discussed different levels anddifferent individual consciousness and behavior in the teacher group by the way of individualcase.â…¤. Stones of Other Hills: The Teacher Groups in the New-style School inlate Qing Dynasty in the Students' EyeThis group can be objectively located through analyses of its image in the students' eye. Inlate Qing Dynasty, the students' whole understanding to teachers is also quite contradictory. Onthe one hand, the teachers can be admired extremely for their knowledge and thoughts, and alsocan be rebelled for their incompetence,which caused its bad overall impression in the studenteye;On the other hand, it would inevitably cause bias that the students reviews teachers withextremely limited knowledge and the relatively deficient society experience.â…¥. The Features of the Teacher Groups in the New-style School in LateQing DynastyFirstly considering the structure, the teacher groups in new style school in late QingDynasty presented the feature that new-style teachers and old-style teachers coexisted. Secondlyconsidering the consciousness,it was contradictory:on the one hand, the majority of teachers stillfollowed the traditional education tenet,their thinking mode was obsolete;on the contrary, thegraduates from the new-style schools and homecoming students had open thought. So the conflictbetween them was frequently. Thirdly, the tendency of the groups' behaves were inclining to thenew things. The progressive teacher is the most active part of the group, their words, deeds andmanner directly or indirectly affected other teachers, therefore, the groups' behaves wereinclining to the new things.â…¦. The Status and Influence of the Teacher groups in New-style School inLate Qing DynastyThe teacher group in the new-style school in late Qing Dynasty is the nucleus of theeducational reform, its consciousness and behavior affected the education's modernization andthe development direction. Speaking of the culture exchanging in the dissemination of westernlearning on China, the teachers in new style school in late Qing Dynasty, as an important part ofthe new-style intellectual, were the information source of cultural exchange and the bridge tocommunicate west and China, helped the modernization of Chinese thinking. At the aspect of thesociety transforms, the teacher group in the new-style school in late Qing Dynasty, as the keyforces of "the medium society", acted an important role in the patriotic social movement such as"new policy reform", resisted American goods, requested constitute Congress, opposed "therailroad state-owned".