The Modern Reconstruction Of Hunan Miaojiang Multi-national Community In Qing Dynasty

Before 1795, Miaojiang of Hunan western community was considered as an "original territory " by the government. Each Miaojiang native was always developing a conflicting-while-cooperative relationship with other nations in this territory. In 1795, there arose a rebellion of Miao nationality. And the local officials regarded it as one reform opportunity in 1796, through which Miaojiang community was on the way to modern reconstruction. With the aim to construct a community of peaceful living, they mainly took on two reforms in national relation and human-land relation. These two kinds of relations were closely connected with, as well as differentiated from each other. If the former one couldn't be peacefully settled, the whole society would be thrown into turbulence, and no ideals of the whole society could be realized;meanwhile if the latter relation couldn't be settled, the surplus labor forces in Miaojiang community, who would nibble the land of the Miao nationality like a silkworm, would become a hidden trouble, resulting in the worsening conflict. It was the fate of the Miaojiang community. With the principle of "Miao and Other Nations Living in Peace", local officials created a legalized community as well as a surrounding of peaceful living.In the course of reconstructing these two kinds of relations, the local government innovated many social management measures in the communities of different nations. Local officials carried out new policies. And in Miaojiang of Hunan western community, there appeared two new social strata gradually: one was the stratum with" half professional management", who was the lower administrative faculties and included Miao officials, Miao soldiers, Zongqi, Baizong, Tunzhang and Storehouse manager;the other was the intellectual stratum. In Miaojiang community of the west of Hunan, this alteration in social strata resulted in a new pattern of social changes and cultural development. Firstly, the original social strata based on economy had been changed into those based on politics and cultures. The elites in Miaojiang community didn't confine to the traditional administrative power any longer;instead they tended more to those with" half professionalism management". Secondly, the power pattern had changed from the original "officials—civilians" or "national—traditional community" pattern to "national—village autonomy—traditional community" one. The stratum with" half professional management "and the intellectual stratum were keys for us to go into deep study about Miaojiang community reconstruction.Facing reform, to protect reform accomplishments, government officials developed a new understanding about the new policy they had established. To distribute lands on average was the basis of local reform. In Chinese history, they have firstly founded a modern local financial system and a set of local public and security courses aided by local finances. To manage a farm of 150,000 Mu, the local government set up a special organization. Just like an incorporation, it got income from the land. But this organization belonged to government, which was an innovation of the traditional management. They also established a system of compulsory education, with the goal of educating plenty of qualified administrative workers and local teachers, resulting in the innovation of traditional educational patterns.For a very long period, they had been still carrying out other policies of social security, and even religious policies, all of which indicated the innovative spirits of the local officials.Through the reform measures above, Miaojiang community took on a new life. From then on, they have gotten rid of the conflicting-while-cooperative relationship with other nations, and lived in harmony with them, which is a worthwhile research project. Nowadays, there arise many new phenomena: the culture tends to be multiple;the technological development tends to be unpredictable;and the economic growth is unbalanced, etc. The contradictories that result from these three phenomena are trials to mankind. It is worthwhile for us to undertake the research on reconstructing modern national communities of 1795—1911.