The Qing Shun Kang Dynasties, Branch Road, Officials Study

TO review the evolution history of Chinese ancient political system, supervision system is an inevitable element. Chinese ancient supervision system was formed since Qin and Han dynasty, developed preliminarily during the WeiJinNanBei dynasty; got matured from SuiTang to SongLiaoJinYuan period, and was strengthened during the Ming and Qing dynasty. All in all, Chinese ancient supervision system was founded in order to uphold the feudal autocratic domination, which was the general essence of the change.The paper deals with the Chinese ancient supervision history concerning the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi, takes main part of central supervision system-supervisory officials as study subject, and analyzes it on basis of the plenty original and colorful proof.On the whole, during the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi supervisory officials made positive effects in purging officialdom, maintaining the livelihood and censuring and impeaching the malpractice. Nevertheless, the historical circumstance during the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi had both continuity and difference, and supervisory officials' activities were quite different. During the reign Shunzhi, supervisory officials tried their best to reform five malpractice at the beginning of Qing dynasty, which had strong national conquest symbolic. And the circuit inspection systemalso played the unique role which was the only existing the reign of Shunzhi. During the reign Kangxi, the Holly Progenitor reopened policy of "reporting something to emperor according to what he had heard", but the situation was controlled by Kangxi. It showed his complex psychology to those officials. And the supervisory officials' concerns on the crown prince were also notably different from the reign of Shunzhi.On the other hand, there were typically impeachable cases which were related to supervisory officials during the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi. Through the concrete analysis of this cases, the most distinct character was that supervisory officials must be servile to imperial authority, and serve it and other political needs. Supervisory officials had been reduced to be tools for imperial use. Although the political activities still had some influences, its influences had been reduced deeply under imperial authority. The supervisory officials were not only asked to obey the highest ruler's will, but not be allowed to touch such sensitive restricted zone as Manchuria's interest and the relationship between Manchuria and Han. Their words and influences were confined within the specific scope.In a word, in terms of the supervisory officials' activities during the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi and the emperor's basic manner to them, the ruler's will is the ultimate and only criterion for judging the advice ofsupervisory officials. "Ruled by man" replaced "ruled by law" is the basic character of feudal monarch autocratic system.