On Jurisdiction System Of Qing Dynasty For Governing Taiwan

Emphasizing or outstanding the historical and cultural contacts between Taiwan and the mainland, was the most basic academic inclination before .Because of this, the historical cross-strait ruling relation and forms to Taiwan, more or less was neglected. In fact, Taiwan Strait could not obstruct the cross-straits 'contact, but conceived a manage-system which was able to adapt the natural separate. Before Taiwan was set up as a province, the Qing dynasty had managed it directly. About the Central plain dynasty's ruling forms, from the former management across the sea to the setting-up Taiwan as a province, they were continuous. From the systematic angle of view, taking the variation of the policy in managing Taiwan across the sea as the basic clue, the thesis will display the essence and function of the managing system to Taiwan in Qing dynasty.The thesis is divided four chapters except the pre-theme which looks back the related research results to induce the research motivation .Chapter 1 is about the background of topic; chapter 2.3 and 4 are the three stages of the managing system to Taiwan. The conclusion part will do whole analysis about the policy to Taiwan carried on by the Qing dynasty.Chapter 1 is about the background of the system. Although the important point of the thesis is the variation and function of the system, the analysis of background is also necessary. The 700- mile horizontal ocean, not only the hurricane but also the bad hydrologic and climatic phenomenon caused disadvantageous influence to the coastal defense and the sea transportation, which resulted in the Neptunian faith because of the fear .At the same time, there were many kinds of policy to Taiwan before the Qing dynasty in the history such as planning and developing the place in the earlier period ,distant management through the Peng-hu and governing Funjian and Taiwan together. The thesis will do thorough research and description about the cultural opinion reflected from the above. Under an opposite as well as macroscopic angle of view, this chapter try to describe the natural, historical and the cultural backgrounds of the policy to Taiwan in Qing dynasty, and provide an analysis frame for the research behind.Chapter 2 is about the system of Taiwan patrolling inspectors at the beginning of the system in Qing dynasty. The policy started from the reflection to the Zhu Yi-gui revolution in the 60th year of Kangxi reign. But its abolishment resulted in the Lin Shuang-wen revolution of Qianlong's 51st year. Whether it was a historical coincidence or cause-effect relation, the Taiwan patrolling inspector system had its positive influence to the politic, military affairs, culture and education etc. According to the design of the system, the job of the inspectors was to communicate the information between the Taiwanese and the Court. such as expressing and handling the affairs of Taiwan, inspecting the military camp and promoting the civilization etc. Because the power of the officials in Taiwan was endowed by the emperor, the alienation of the emperor's power and the inspectors, the conflict of the local officials in Fujian with the inspectors in Taiwan became the main reasons of the inspectors' job power on the decline. The research of this chapter pays more attention to the performer and the policy, rule, routine and the circulating mode, not only limiting to the rule and operation of the written system..Chapter 3 is about the second stage of the system to Taiwan which was the important officials in Fujian who took turns to patrol Taiwan. The system absorbed the positive aspects of managing Funjian and Taiwan together as well as the patrolling inspector system. Thus it not only adjusted the power operation relation between Fujian and Taiwan, but also guaranteed the practice of court's policy in Taiwan, the system to Taiwan entered into a normal form, the adjustment behind became easy, even including that setting-up Taiwan as a province was almost carried on in this frame. Firstly the chapter analyzed the activities and influence of the Fujian important officials, and the purpose is emphasizing the speaking right of the inspectors on the occasion of establishing the policy. Secondly, according to the statistics to the Fujian important officials' activities of patrolling Taiwan in turn, there were 26 members who inspected Taiwan 31 times totally. According to its property, it could be divided into inspecting in routine or because of affairs. Among them, the on business patrol could be subdivided into tracing and destroying the pirate, putting down the revolution and the weapon fights, developing Taiwan. Finally, from the bad natural environment, the social order of Fujian and the power variation of town, Dao in Taiwan, the chapter analyzed the cause of the two interruption of the system.Chapter 4 is about the third stage of the system which was that Fujian officials should stayed in Taiwan in spring and winter Since Shen Bao-zhen inspected Taiwan in the 13rd year of Tongzhi reign, the successive holders' activities surrounded to open the mountain to pacify the place ,launch the foreign affairs and coastal defenses slowly, and therefore the localization of Taiwan became the core content of the government's Taiwan policy. Thus this chapter pays first attention to the opinions of the Fujian officials who stayed in Taiwan, and the reflection of their opinions on the government. Because the cooperation and consistence which was after by the system of Fujian officials staying in Taiwan was just in accordance with the original intention of seting up Taiwan as a province, setting up Taiwan as a province was a necessary trend for the variation of the Taiwan-managing system in Qing dynasty, which thus becomes another important point of the chapter. Of course, the chapter makes detail analysis in regard to the making and development of the system of Fujian officials staying in Taiwan.The last part is conclusion of the thesis. Based on the whole research of the three stages before, it comes to the following conclusions: first, the Taiwan-managing system of Qing dynasty was a direct governing policy which strengthened the sovereignty of the government through the information communication, making and adjusting the managing policy to Taiwan ,and maintaining the function of the successive sovereignty to Taiwan. Second, the Qing dynasty's system to Taiwan had the features of localization, transition and passivity because of the stimulation of the important things happened in Taiwan, which was in essence a step-by-step adjustment adapted to the social transition. Third, the natural separate of Taiwan strait, the shortness of the system itself and the influence or restriction of the thought of paying more attention to the land than the sea, all these indicated the limit of the system's function when it was not in the sea-power period but the land-power period.