A Study On The Chinese Personal Pronoun

On the basis of the studies of the prdedcessors,the dissertation takes the historical investigations as vertical axle and at the same time carry out a horizontal,systemetic,further study on the development,the changes and the grammatical course of chinese personal pronoun that used from ancient times to today.From the angle of synchronic,to discuss the approximate distribution of personal pronoun and their basis of existence.From the point view of pragmatics and culture,to inspect the pragmatic characteristics of personal pronouns and felicity conditions of personal pronoun. There are 7 chapters in the paper.Chapter 1 mainly introduces the reason for choosing the subject,gives a brief account of the theoretical and practical significance of the study of chinese personal pronoun,summarizes the historical,present situation and the historical achievements of the study in the field,and points out the problems and difficulties of this research work.Since 1898,Mr.Jianzhong Ma had expounded pronoun word(that is pronoun in today) in his work of Mashi Wentong,people never stop their exploring in Chinese personal pronoun,and they created a lot of research works and papers.But because of the long history,the complicated and massive system of the personal pronoun itself,the difficult definition,and uncertain bounds,there remained some problems still unresolved.So,the study of Chinese personal pronoun still have a long way to go.This chapter also briefly stated the study method and source of language material of the dissertation.Chapter 2 defines the conception of personal pronoun,put the two indistinct relationship which caused by the intercross of personal pronoun and noun in order.One of them is the relationship between personal pronoun and title word,and another is the relationship between Qianjing word,Juao word and personal pronoun.And then,make a sound base for the next anylysis and study by putting together,clarifying for the personal pronoun.Chapter 3:Discuss typical personal pronoun.Typical personal pronoun including Zicheng pronoun,Duicheng pronoun and Tacheng pronoun,They reflect the objective relationship between the characters.Zichen pronoun mainly including Wo(我),Wu(吾),Yu(余),Yu(予),Zhen(朕),Aang(卬),Yi(台), Yan(言),Nong/Nongjia/Anong)(侬,侬家,阿侬),Shen(身),Za/Zan(咱),Zan(昝,喒,偺),An(俺), Sajia(洒家),Mou(某),Moujia(某甲) and Mouyi(某乙),etc.The key point of traditional difficulty of Zicheng pronoun is how to distinguish Wo(我) and Wu(吾),and it mainly studied the emergence and evolutive course of Zicheng pronoun,studies and compares the characteristics and differences of grammar and linguistic applying,and it also added the Zicheng pronoun that seldom use before,such as Mou(某),Moujia(某甲) and Mouyi(某乙).There are seven Duicben pronoun in early,they are Ru(女),Ru(汝),Er(尔),Er(而),Ruo(若), Nai(乃) and Rong(戎),and are integrated as Ru(汝) and Er(尔),and are all-round improved on usages. After the Yuan Dynasty,Ni(你) almost became the only form of Duicheng pronoun when the vernacular became mature and perfect day by day.There are also came out a very important Duicheng pronoun in morden times of chinese,that is Nin(您),sometims written as恁(nín),and it is about equal to Ni(你).After the Qing Dynasty,恁(nín) is no longer a Duicheng pronoun.To today,Duicheng pronoun in morden chinese is completely intergrated as Ni(你) and Nin(您),and Nin developed into a respect word to opposite people,mainly use to refer singular number.A great part of Tacheng pronoun in chinese is come from other grammatical element,most of them are transformed fore indicating pronoun,some are derived from discriminating pronoun,and some are come by borrowing noun.Because the subject which the Tacheng pronoun point to is not on the spot,there is no need to pay much attention on Tacheng pronoun,generally just call the name will be ok.When talk about the subject repeatly,you can call it with it's name.So,the development of Tacheng pronoun is slower than Zicheng pronoun and Duicheng pronoun,and is far behind the later two pronoun.But when repeated too much,it is not accord with the need of lingustic development,then borrow some indicating pronoun as Tacheng pronoun,and that is the Jue(厥),Qi(其),Zhi(之),Bi(彼),Zhu(诸) and Fu(夫) in ancient chinese,and they formed a Tacheng pronoun system which relatively integral and mutually supplementary in function.After the Qin and Han Dynasty,the dialect Tacheng pronoun, such as Yi(伊),Qu(渠) and Ta(他),came into being and prevailed gradually.And at last,by it's absolute superiority,Ta gained the main-trend position and became the common use Tacheng pronoun in chinese.After the Qing Dynasty,there are gave rise to some supplementary Tacheng pronoun,such as Ta(她),Ta(它,牠),Ta(祂)and Tan(怹),etc.and they are called by a joint name Ta(他,她,它) and Tamen(他们,她们,它们). Chapter 4:Discuss topic character pronoun.Topic character pronoun is refer to topic centre character,non-centre character and common refered character pronoun,etc.indicating subjective object,and when talking,the object will decided according to the subjective desire or topic of the talker,and this maybe changed by need.Therefore subjectivity is the essential feature of them.Topic character personal pronoun including Fanshencheng pronoun,Pangcheng pronoun, Tongcheng pronoun,Wuding pronoun and Yinming pronouns.Fanshencheng pronoun also called Fucheng pronoun or Fuzhi pronoun,donating call one it's self, maily are Zi(自),Ji(己),Shen(身),Gong(躬),Ziji/Zigeer(自己,自个儿).Ziji(Zigeer) also can follow other personal pronoun so as to lay stress on one-self who the personal pronoun refer to,for example, Wo(men) Ziji,Ni(men) Ziji and Ta(men) Ziji,but single syllable pronoun has no this usage.Pangcheng pronoun mainly study the four of rén(人),rénjia(人家),biéren(别人),and pangren(旁人).They have the same vocabulatory significance,but there are differences in linguistic-applying condition and linguistic-applying significance,and when their refer objects are became difinite gradully,and they also can transform to refer Tacheng pronoun.Wuding pronoun is the pronoun that has no the definite indicating objects. Huo(或),You(有),Mo(莫)and Wu(无) are pronouns that especially existed in ancient chinese,but this kind of pronoun is not exist in morden chinese.They are donating affirm and negate respectively,and they can represent people and also can respresent things.Tongcheng pronoun,that is collectively called personal pronoun which including Zicheng, Duicheng or Tacheng that combined by the former two.Tongcheng pronoun has Zhuwei(诸位),Liewei(列位),Gewei(各位),Dajia/Dahuoer/Dajiahuoer(大家,大伙儿,大家伙儿),Bici(彼此)and Gezi(各自),etc.The came into being of Tongcheng pronoun is relatively late,they are all used in morden chinese,but the developmeng of it's self is still not perfect and stable.Yinming pronouns are special ones,their main function is "cover up one's name".They mainly include "mou(某)","jia(甲),yi(乙),bing(丙),ding(丁)" and their composed forms.If only a speaker wouldn't,couldn't,or isn't convinient(to) displays names of a person or an object obviously,he even substitutes "mou(某)" for them.Chapter 5 discusses non-typical personal pronoun.Non-typical personal pronoun is a borrow form of personal pronoun,a supplementary form to Qianjing function of typical personal pronoun,is a kind of personal pronoun that ordinary noun or title noun borrow from whom,Its essential characteristic is the dual part of speech,whether for personal pronouns,and more dependent on context,with strong social attributes.It mainly including two large category and three small category.One is the Qiancheng pronoun and Aocheng pronoun that indicating Zicheng,another is Zuncheng pronoun that indicating Duicheng.The study of non-typical personal pronoun is maily inspected by the usage of different people group.Qiancheng pronoun is maily study Gu/Gujia/Gushen(孤,孤家,孤身),Guaren(寡人),Bugu(不谷,不穀),Aijia(哀家);Chen/Chenxia(臣,臣下),Pu(仆,僕),Zou(走),Min(民),Bi/Biren(鄙,鄙人),Xiaguan/Moguan(下官,末官),Beizhi(卑职),Mojiang(末将),Nucai(奴才); Qie/Qieshen/Jianqie/Chenqie(妾,妾身,贱妾,臣妾),Nu/Anu/Nujia/Nunu(奴,阿奴,奴家,奴奴); Yu/Yusheng/Xiayu(愚,愚生,下愚),Wansheng(晚生),Wanxue(晚学),Xiaosheng(小生),Bisheng(鄙生), Xuesheng(学生);Laoxiu(老朽),Laozhuo(老拙),Laonu(老奴),Bilao(鄙老),Xiaolao(Xiaolaoer)(小老,小老儿),Laofu(老夫);Xiaoke(小可),Zaixia(在下),Bucai(不才),Biren(敝人),Xiaoren(小人) and Buning(不佞),ect.The linguistic applying and explain function of Aocheng pronoun is abviously different from Qianci,it mainly inspect the four words of Ergong(尔公),Naigong(乃公),Laozi(老子),Laoniang(老娘).Zuncheng pronoun indicating the respect to the other side of the communication,it's linguistic applying intention is to sing the praisesof the other side so as to ensure that the communication can be carry out more satisfactory and smooth.The scope of broad sense Jingci is very large,the author mainly inspects and discusses the Duicheng pronoun in the Jingci,that is Jingcheng/Zuncheng(敬称,尊称),for example,Gong(公),Zi(子),Jun(君),Wuzi(吾子),Qing(卿),Nin(您,恁),Guan(官), Ren(仁),Zun(尊),Zunjia(尊家),Bixia(陛下),Dianxia(殿下),Zuxia(足下),Gexia(阁下),Zhishi(执事) and Zuoyou(左右),etc.and finds some interesting pragmatic differences by comparing "zi(子) and nin(您) which are similar in the meaning in ancient and modern Chinese.After the Qing Dynasty,Nin is no longer to be a personal pronoun.Developed to today's morden chinese,Duicheng pronoun is integrated as Ni(你) and Nin(您),and Nin(您) developed into a Duicheng Zunci from typical Duicheng pronoun,and mainly use to refer singular number.Chapter 6:Discuss the variant use and development of chinese personal pronoun.Pragmatical variation of personal pronoun,mainly mean run counter to the nature and quantity of person during the course of linguistic applying,here the person,nature and quantity are not the object that the personal pronoun originally refer to,and it now transform to refer other person,word nature and quantity,or only have the function of distinguish,free indicate or strengthen tone,and hint,and it mainly including transformation,fade and fabrication.There are including person transfer to refer, vairiation of quantity and flexible use of word nature in transformation.The author also gives a brief analysis of the variation of the self pronoun "wo(我)"—"ou(偶)" which occurs recent years on the internet.Chapter 7:Concluding remarks.Draw a conclusion from the above chapters of study of chinese personeral pronoun,and give out relative questions for more think.