The Study Of Chinese Expression Adverbs In The Middle Ancient Times

Following the introduction of grammaticalization theory, the related Chinese adverb research has already obtained many achievements, but nobody has conducted the comprehensive and systematic research on the expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times.We take 30 literatures (including literary sketche,historical works,Chinese version of buddhist scripture and so on) from Eastern Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty as the main investigation language materials,those are Shiyi Ji(《拾遗记》),Soushen Ji(《搜神记》),Soushen Houji(《搜神后记》),Xijing Zaji(《西京杂记》),Shishuo Xinyu(《世说新语》),Zhoushi Mingtong Ji(《周氏冥通记》),Guxiaoshuo Gouchen(《古小说钩沉》),Houhan Shu(《后汉书》),Sanguo Zhi(《三国志》),Song Shu(《宋书》),Nanqi Shu(《南齐书》),Wei Shu(《魏书》),Jin Shu(《晋书》),Xiuxing Benqi Jing(《修行本起经》),Zhong Benqi Jing(《中本起经》),Za Piyu Jing(《杂譬喻经》),Zhuanji Baiyuan Jing(《撰集百缘经》),Pusa Benyuan Jing(《菩萨本缘经》),Liudu Ji Jing(《六度集经》),Sheng Jing(《生经》),Baiyu Jing(《百喻经》),Xianyu Jing(《贤愚经》),Za Baozang Jing(《杂宝藏经》),Chang Ahan Jing(《长阿含经》),Lunheng(《论衡》),Taiping Jing(《太平经》),Qimin Yaoshu(《齐民要术》),Luoyang Qielan Ji(《洛阳伽蓝记》),Shuijing Zhu(《水经注》)and Yanshi Jiaxun(《颜氏家训》).Based on exhaustively description analysis to expression adverb,we discussed the formation and evolution of the emerging or special expression adverbs in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times with emphasis,and outlined its basic appearance and era characteristics by synchronic description and diachronic comparison. The expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times is the important constituent of the Middle Ages Chinese grammar.We sure that it should lay the essential foundation to determine the status of Middle Chinese Adverb development in the grammar history,to acquaint the picture of the grammar and glossary of this historical period thoroughly and to further study the rule of entire Chinese expression adverb evolution by carring on comprehensive and systematical investigation and research to it.This paper first carries on the comprehensive description to the expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times. According to the difference of expression,it is approximately divided into five kinds:the emphasis adverb,the euphemism and estimation adverb,the appraisal adverb,the doubt adverb and the denial adverb.Taking the semantic characteristic or the grammatical function as the main standard,some kinds of expression adverb have their own minor classification.For example,the appraisal adverb can be subdivided into two kinds:the just and good luck and the accident;The doubt adverb can be subdivided into the highlighting question significance and the possessing doubt function; The denial adverb is subdivided into the denial narration, the denial perfectiveness, the denial judge and the forbids. We carry on the comprehensive description to all investigated expression adverbs and try our best to outline general picture of expression adverb in this historical stage. Because the emerging or special expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times had emerged massively and the old words were still active, we list them separately by the form in summary of each kind of expression adverb to be advantageous for the reader to be clear to the production time of each expression adverb. Regarding the emerging or special expression adverb, we can trace its originity, judge time of appearance, comb process of grammaticalization and demonstrate clear evolution vein as far as possible.Next, this paper lanches the case investigation of some expression adverbs and related sentences on the basis of plane description to explore some regularities.The paper analyses separately the expression adverbs in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times,such as "dou", "shibi", "qishi", "jiang and jiangwu", "na and nahu", "mo" and so on.As for these emerging or special expression adverbs,this paper carries on the concrete textual research and their appearence time,also inspects their evolution process,and analyzes their origin and the evolution reason in this foundation. In addition, the paper also analyzes that "bu" at the end of "Shi X Bu" interrogative sentence has been weak by the comparison of "Shi X ye" interrogative sentence and the negative judgment sentence,and that the double negative construction obtained the widespread utilization in the Middle Age has the profoundly social background.In the part of "conclusion", we have mainly investigate two problems:the characteristics of expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times and the formation of expression adverb.By studying the expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Time,we summarize the following features of expression adverb:first, the emerging or special expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times had emerged massively and the old words were still active;second, the expression adverb appeared massive synonymy polymerization;third, the disyllable and monosyllable expression adverb were used at the same time, and the disyllabic expression adverb started to occupy the superiority. The Eastern Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty were important historical periods of Chinese during which great changes had taken place in pronunciation,vocabulary and grammar,and the expression adverb was not exception.The emerging or special expression adverbs which was two-thirds of expression adverbs in the Middle Ancient Time appeared in abundance,at the same time many expression adverbs produced in the Pre-Qin Dynasty were still used commonly;During the Middle Ancient Times,the components of diplophonic expression adverbs—the monophonic expression adverbs—were enough and the corresponding chances of diplophonic expression adverbs with same meaning were more than before; As a result of influences of many factors such as social development and cultural background and so on, the Chinese double tone oscillator made disruptive progress and the disyllabic expression adverb started to occupy the superiority in the Wei Dynasty,Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasty.Based on the grammaticalization,we discussed the formation of expression adverb in the Chinese Language in the Middle Ancient Times and summarized the following five kinds:first,the other kind of words became a new expression adverb;second,the expression adverbs with the same meaning were used together to form a expression adverb;third, the syntax structure solidified the expression adverb;fourth,the cross-layer structure formed the expression adverb;fifth, the expression adverb added suffix to form a new one.We summarized the following features of formation of expression adverb:first,the rule of Chinese natural sound foot has the influence to the formation of disyllabic expression adverb;second, the parallel grammaticalization of expression adverb is common;third, re-analysis and analogy become the important mechanism which the expression adverb forms.