The Identification And Study On Lie

Lies are different from untruth. The words, which are truth in logic, law and subjective, are the really truth; lacking one of the three, the words are untruths. The nature difference between the truth and the untruth is the mind of the speaker. The speaker thinks that he is telling lie, whether the fact is truth or not, that is a lie; The speaker thinks that he is telling the truth, but it is not true in actually, that is the untruth.There are at least two parties in lies, one is the liar, and the other is the receiver. Among them, there may be some spreaders. The liar has the conscious of telling lies and try his best to cover the clue of telling lies, and the receiver doesn't have the will of receiving lies. These are two essential conditions in lies.We also discussed the other features of lies. Lies have the form of a verbal "speech" and also silent " speech "; the carrier of " speech " is not just the sound, but also the characters; The content of lies includes events, attitudes, emotions and feelings of four. There are 4 ways in producing lies:fabrication, concealment, implied, camouflage. The effect of lies are mainly depend on the liar's motivation.From the nature point of view, lying is a kind of illocutionary act and the act is done with words, and is a communication strategy. Containing all the necessary conditions for a lie, removing the nonessential and ambiguous features, our definition of lies is that:lies are that people want to have their own false information transmitting to other people's verbal behavior and communication strategies, lying product lie.To better understand the characteristics of a lie, we learned from the main body of lies, liar's motivation, the content of lies, the way of lies and the consequences, identifiable degree angle to detailing the classification of lies. Different types of lies, we take a different approach to deal with. Among them, the group lies, the field lies, the black lies, the high-risk lies, the strong motivation lies, the initiative-based lies. The low degree lies must be identified; the white lies, the neutral lies, the zero risk lies, the low motivation lies and the high degree of recognition lies are no need to identify.About the moral value lies, that cannot be generalized. Standards are relative. Comprehensive measuring of the three factors:the need to lying, the motives of lies and the effect of lies. The face of real threats to survival, or forced to a certain degree of environmental stress, lying is not expedient to avoid; besides lying, if there are other options-whether can be tolerated or not, depending on the content of Lies and the receiver's heart; in the case of completely no need to lie, the liar may be reduced to jokes, or being tired, alienated. Intended to altruism, benefit the collective, national and social is the goodwill motive, and may get the parties to understand and forgive; intended to mislead, fool, insult, abuse, deprivation of others motives are malicious motive, is the object of prevent and punish; aimed at self-protection, self-interest, entertain themselves, for politeness or neutral impression management lies are mostly get people to forgive. Lies can safeguard the legitimate interests, stimulate one's potential and create a positive physical and psychological feeling, but also to evade responsibilities and obligations, theft illegitimate interests, block social efficiency and the talents" contribution, disrupt social order and so adversely affected. In short, a person can lie, necessary, appropriate, non-malicious lying is acceptable; unnecessary, deliberate,frequent and offensive lying is disgusting; malicious, negative impact of lying should be punished and combated; only in force for the environment situation, made the lie with goodwill and get the positive effect, have a positive moral values.From the general side, the root of lies is mainly for profit and avoiding loss, sometimes in pursuit of stimulation. While avoiding disadvantages are the most essential basis in the biosphere evolving, and the most fundamental internal drive in the development of human society, but also the fundamental principle of discourse. For life, the survival was the first of the "profit", death is the first of the "harm." For specific individuals, between the "profit" and "death", there is a isscross interest network. The choice of interest to different people in different situations, depending on the risk of interest compared with the cost, the comparison of its needs and the treating difficult; put this into the final choice of interest are based on their subjective demand that is to avoid negative principles, and reflects the wisdom, character, and then psychology and physiology. Excitement is a concrete expression while avoiding disadvantages. Excitement is a concrete expression while avoiding disadvantages. Because the stimulation is a source of happiness and pleasure, pleasure and happiness will always be one of the interests that people are preserving for. Lying is a language policy, lie or not, face the comparison and selection of interest. Lie may have to pay a certain cost of physiological and psychological, direct loss costs, development costs, moral costs and even legal costs, but may also be some benefits for survival, growth income, instant income, personal income, economic benefits and political benefits. The process of selection is the process of the game of costs and benefits. Finally telling the truth or lying, depend on the comparison and choice of costs and benefits.The indicator of lies has a clear personality, the personality of lies is mainly in situational difference of lies, and the biggest situational difference of lies in the context difference is between active and passive. Therefore, when this essay research the indicator of lies, it divides the lies is into active and passive types of lies for inspection. Passive lie is lying passively and temporarily; the liar is in a weak position and the lies are mostly for self-preservation. The active lies are proactive to lying and prepared to lie; the liar is in a strong position and the lies are mostly self-serving. "Speech" includes three components:â‘ speech act that "the acts of speech ", is "speaking" behavior, "oral presentation" behavior. It cans judge from the timbre, volume, accent, tone, speed, pause, silence.â‘¡speech mode, which is the said approach, including word choice, sentence selection, the use of non-semantic sound, the use of rhetorical devices such four partsâ‘¢speech content, that is, "the said results"-words, there are literal meaning and practical significance. The active lies and the passive lies have three distinct indicators in the speech act, speech mode, and speech content. The potential indicators appearing in the two types of lies, we call it "universal lie indicator." In theory, the speech indicator of lies, it is the contrary with the truth. When people tell the truth, it may also appear indicators of lies, but it must be some abnormal physiological and psychological reasons. When normal people tell the truth in the usual context, there is no these indicators of lies. This is the value of researching the indicator of a lie.The paraspeech indicator of lies means that in the paraspeech we can judge the speaker will lie, is lying or has traces and information. No matter what type of lie, it usually has the paraspeech indicator of prepared, thinking, observation, tension, conflict, escape; in the passive lies, in the liar's eye, face, hands, mouth, legs and feet department, head, neck, back and other parts always leave some kinds of indicators; in the active lies, the liar are focused on the "hoodwink" and "misleading" strategy, especially at the misleading in the eyes, the posture, attention, relationships and attitudes. The emotional lies cover up the true feelings, showing the inexistent emotion, may be intended to protect themselves and avoid being manipulated passive lie, it may be intended to achieve a certain purpose aiming at handling other people's lies. The real external emotional expression is a physiological activation response; is a nerve fiber (and feel, movement, thinking about) led response; is a kind of unconscious, habitual responses; affecting specific facial muscles. The disguised expressions of emotion is through the efforts of the subconscious to "do" the reaction; under the people's knowledge and exerience of various emotions, taking efforts to control the key parts to "do" the emotional patterns best; but can only "do" the surface, rough outline, fragment, partial expression, after all, lacking of the unconscious fine expression. The fun Lies is lying for fun. Therefore, the real "laugh" is the most obvious indicator of the paraspeech. the "zero indicator" of lies that the Liar left no clues in the language, and the paraspeech, the impression is entirely keeping with telling the truth, generally appearing in white lies, neutral lies, the field lies, the controlled lie, and the habitual lie. In fact, there are indicators of subtle observation, thinking, traces of inhibition in zero indicator, therefore, absolute "zero indicator" could not exist. Recognizing the "zero indicator" of Lies have effective ways repeatedly questioned, deliberate silence, comparing with the speaker's habit.The identification of lies in human history and the history of human civilization development is synchronized. Corresponding to the era of rights of God, the imperial age, the human rights age, human recognizes lies experiencing a distinctly clear method of three stages-Identifying Lies by Divinity, Identifying Lies by Punishment, and Identifying Lies by Instrument." Identifying Lies by Divinity " is to rely on the gods of the "visions" to determine whether the speech is true or not, through the " Wager of Law " and the " Trial by Ordeal" in two stages, because it is no doubt in the sanctity and authority to verify the time that Human can not verify the lies and truth, but its accuracy and impartiality, after all, is limited; " Identifying Lies by Punishment" is often said that the "torture" and is disguised with a corporal punishment or something likely, mental torture and other means to identifying whether the speech is true or not. "Identifying Lies by People"is not using any external means, only to rely on people's own experience, knowledge and wisdom to judge the truth of speech, throughout the three stages, playing a decisive role in the gap time between" Identifying Lies by Punishment" and" Identifying Lies by Punishment"; the apparatus knowledge method is to use equipment in the identification of lies, often referred to as "the psychological test", "the lie test", and is the most efficient and objective way in recognizing lies, it is the first stage in evidence knowledge method History has proved that the most appropriate way in human recognizing lies is to observe a person's words and physiological changes under the strong external stimuli.Lies can not be distinguished either is truth or false by a single indicator, holographic screening deviation method is the progress of the human knowledge method. The so-called hologram is any part of the whole or any subsystem of the mother system, consisting of all the information of the whole or the mother system. Speech is a holographic system; the partial language is the holographic element of the whole speech. The overall speech is the context of words and the speaker's the holographic element, and the speaker is the holographic element of society. In the process of recognizing lies, it has to use "the holographic thinking way ", mastering people's experience, identity, health status, personality and speech habits, these are high levels of holographic elements; through intuitive capture method, observing suspected method, stimulating observation method finding the deviation; through the holographic certificating the deviation is "real" or "false" to identify the authenticity of speech.The holographic screening deviation method is a method of recognizing lies:that is basing on a certain deviation, and then use the associated holographic to judge the speech' s authenticity. Holography is the known fact, knowledge, laws, axioms, theorems or logical, is the objective existence which is independent of man's will. If all of deviation in words were found in Holography for reasons other than lying, that proves the existence of the deviation is normal and reasonable, then, that deviation was hologram certificating "false"-the deviation is not deviating for lying in nature, thus the identified words is "truth." If the deviations in the speech have been found at least one contradicting or conflicting with the hologram, that is, the existence is abnormal and impossibility, then, that the deviation is hologram certificating "reality", that identified "deviation" is true, and the identified words are "lies."Holographic screening deviation method provides a new thinking way and new approach in identifying lies. While we can never know all the hologram of someone or something, but knowing that a specific lie's holographic background, it is entirely possible; the deviation is significant of the potential information. We entirely possible capture it by intuition or observation; the thought of using the holographic screening deviation is keep with logical laws, the conclusion is credible and reliable; the process can be described in words, fixed, and can withstand scrutiny and counterevidence. The Holographic screening deviation method can take out without any equipment, and is suitable for any environment and any person, with universality and operability.