A Study On The Causative And Passive Meaning Of Jiao("教/叫")-sentence In Pre-modern Chinese

This paper examines the development of the "jiao" sentence in pre-modern Chinese, from shi-yi construction to causative and then to passive, and the dif ference between it and the "bei" sentence or the "shi" sentence.Chapter 2 explores the evolution of the "jiao"sentence from the shi-yi con struction to the causative construction, based on the semantics of verbs, and th e relationship between NP1 and NP2. This development process can be divided into four stages, indirective causative, the manipulative, general causative, and emotive causative. NP1 (causer) and NP2 (causee) of indirective causative are person nouns or pronouns, which means the causer makes the causee do som ething and is an indirect causative (indirect causative). The verbs are action ve rbs (transitive or intransitive). The event is completed by the causee to maintai n the balance of strength between the causer and the causee. The causer of ge neral causative has more control than that of indirect causative, which is usuall y animate noun, having purpose and intention.The causee is also acted by an animate noun, but has decreased control, in the role of relatives or essives. Th e difference between indirective causative and general causative is reflected in the autonomy of predicate verbs, which are non self-controled verbs. They are divided into cognitive verbs and stative verbs. Cognitive verbs only combine w ith animate nouns, so that to some extent they have self-control. The autonomy of stative verbs is weaker than that of congnitive verbs. The causee of Manip ulative causative is an inanimate subject noun, and the verb is also a stative v erb, so the causee has no control of the event.The verbs of emotive causative are psychological or experience verbs. Its causer is some kind of an event or something, which can be regarded as stimulus.The causee, usually a personal noun, is the experiencer, who is influened by some events as a patient, and ex periences a change in psychological perception.In addition, the paper discusses the reasons that the manipulative causative of the "jiao" sentence faded. First the "jiao" sentence has shortcomings as ca usative. Second some ralated sentences developed, such as the "ba"sentence.Chapter 3 discusses the evolution of the "jiao" sentence from causative to passive. Recently scholars discussed the development of causative to passive in Chinese language from the semantic point, and put forward the "causative> al lowed to> passive"cline. This paper argues that it does not fully cover the "jia o" sentence. The source of the "jiao" passive sentence is the following:in fro nt of the "jiao" sentence, there is a clause containing a causee of "jiao", that i s to say, the causee before "jiao" and the patient after it has reflexive relation s, and therefore the affectedness of the causee has been strengthened. And thro ugh the re-analysis, the "jiao"sentences converts into passive sentences. Causative sentences can be converted into passive sentences under these conditi ons:1. The sentence must have three arguments(implied):NP1(?)(NP2→NP3)2. The causer in the first sentence and the patient in the second sentence h ave reflexive relationship:i.e. NP1 and NP3 refer to the same object, or there is a close relationship between them, which can be represented as the followin g schema:NP1(?)(NP2→NP1) or NP1(?)(NP2→NP1～)3. NP1 becomes abstract in the role of a causer, but its passive role is hig hlighted.4. The verb is of strong influence, and the use of some components, such as resultative complements strengthens the passive meaning.This change has a certain connection with the development of pre-modern Chinese Special "bei"sentences, and "rang" sentences, and it has common with other languages in the process of causative sentences converting into passive se ntences. Chapter 4 make a comparison between the "bei" sentence and "jiao" sentenc e in pre-modern Chinese. The passive marker "jiao" evolves from the causative verb, and "bei" develops from the verb meaning "suffering" The "jiao" prototy pe meaning still affects its distribution in the syntactic and semantic environme nt, so when stating passive, "jiao" and "bei" displayed their adifferences in syn tax and semantics. The "jiao" sentence has characteristics of strong influence a nd strong mobility, which are relative to the animaicy and the volition of NP1 and NP2, and to the semantic features of verbs. And the passive use of "jiao" is not so complex and diverse as that of "bei" in syntactic structures. Therefor e, the "jiao" sentence describes an action focusing on events and the implemen tation of actions, but "bei" focuses on stative results arising from some verbs. However, from the Qing Dynasty on "jiao" has more resultative complements, a nd began to express the results of patient's being disposed by the verb, states or changes in states, and it confluenced with "bei". However, in some aspects it is still in opposition with "bei"Chapter 5 examines the difference between the "jiao" sentence and the "sh i" sentence.In ancient times the word "shi" went through the evolution from a verb meaning "send" via a general causative verb to a causative marker. From the Middle Ages to pre-modern times, some new causative verbs emerged, su ch as "jiao", and the shi-yi usage of "shi" gradually disappear, and it is gener ally used as a causative marker in modern Chinese. Compared to "jiao" it has higher causing strength, and it can be regarded as a pure causative marker. Si nce "shi" requires strong agents and strong patients in syntax and semantics, it can not develop into a passive marker. And the causees in "jiao" sentences h ave self-control compared to those in "shi" sentences, which possilbly meets th e semantic conditions of the passive markers.